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Related Concept Videos

Traumatic Brain Injury l: Introduction01:28

Traumatic Brain Injury l: Introduction

DefinitionTraumatic brain injury, or TBI, is a disturbance of normal brain function induced by an external mechanical force, such as a direct blow to the head or a penetrating injury. It can affect both brain structure and function, producing a wide range of clinical outcomes. TBI is a heterogeneous condition, meaning its effects may differ based on the type, location, and severity of the injury.Basis of ClassificationTBI is classified based on severity, injury mechanism, or pathophysiology. In...
Increased Intracranial Pressure ll: Pathophysiology01:29

Increased Intracranial Pressure ll: Pathophysiology

Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) refers to a potentially life-threatening rise in pressure inside the skull. This usually happens when there is a major change in the volume of brain tissue, blood, or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) — the three components inside the skull. According to the Monro-Kellie doctrine, if the volume of one component increases, the volumes of the other components must decrease to maintain normal pressure. If this does not happen, ICP rises.The process often begins with...
Spinal Cord Injury ll: Pathophysiology01:14

Spinal Cord Injury ll: Pathophysiology

Spinal cord injury progresses through two interconnected phases: primary injury and secondary injury.Primary InjuryPrimary injury happens at the moment of trauma and involves immediate mechanical damage to the spinal cord.Compression happens when broken vertebrae, herniated discs, or accumulating blood (such as a hematoma) press directly against the spinal cord, distorting its normal shape and function. In cases of contusion, the cord is bruised by a blunt force (like penetrating injuries or...
Secondary Spinal Cord Injury llI: Pathophysiology01:25

Secondary Spinal Cord Injury llI: Pathophysiology

Early Ischemia and Ionic ImbalanceWithin minutes of spinal cord injury, a secondary cascade begins, progressing over hours to weeks. Vascular damage reduces blood flow, causing ischemia and mitochondrial dysfunction. ATP depletion leads to ion pump failure, membrane depolarization, sodium influx, potassium efflux, and water accumulation, resulting in cellular swelling. Increased intracellular calcium further disrupts mitochondria and accelerates cellular injury.Excitotoxicity and Neuronal...
Traumatic Memory01:20

Traumatic Memory

Emotionally traumatic events often lead to memories that are exceptionally vivid and enduring, sometimes persisting with remarkable clarity throughout an individual's life. A classic example of this phenomenon is a person who survives a car accident. Even years later, they may recall every detail of the event with startling accuracy — the screeching of the tires, the jarring impact, and the acrid smell of burning rubber. Such vividness contrasts sharply with how an individual remembers mundane...
Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology01:29

Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

A hemorrhagic stroke develops when a cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to escape into the surrounding brain tissue, as in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), or into the subarachnoid space, as in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Because the skull is a rigid compartment, the sudden presence of extravascular blood rapidly increases intracranial pressure and compresses adjacent neural structures, leading to immediate tissue injury and impaired cerebral perfusion.Mass Effect and Primary...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 28, 2026

A Preclinical Controlled Cortical Impact Model for Traumatic Hemorrhage Contusion and Neuroinflammation
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A Preclinical Controlled Cortical Impact Model for Traumatic Hemorrhage Contusion and Neuroinflammation

Published on: June 10, 2020

Trauma and impaired consciousness.

Sandrine de Ribaupierre1

  • 1Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, University of Western Ontario, Victoria Hospital, 800 Commissioners Road East, London, ON N6A 5W9, Canada. Sandrine.deRibaupierre@lhsc.on.ca

Neurologic Clinics
|October 29, 2011
PubMed
Summary

This review examines brain trauma and its impact on consciousness, covering historical and current literature. It details the causes, pathophysiology, and management of impaired consciousness from injuries like concussion and diffuse axonal injury.

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Controlled Cortical Impact Model for Traumatic Brain Injury
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Last Updated: May 28, 2026

A Preclinical Controlled Cortical Impact Model for Traumatic Hemorrhage Contusion and Neuroinflammation
06:50

A Preclinical Controlled Cortical Impact Model for Traumatic Hemorrhage Contusion and Neuroinflammation

Published on: June 10, 2020

Controlled Cortical Impact Model for Traumatic Brain Injury
05:30

Controlled Cortical Impact Model for Traumatic Brain Injury

Published on: August 5, 2014

SECONDs Administration Guidelines: A Fast Tool to Assess Consciousness in Brain-injured Patients
11:05

SECONDs Administration Guidelines: A Fast Tool to Assess Consciousness in Brain-injured Patients

Published on: February 6, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Trauma Surgery

Background:

  • Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) can lead to diverse states of impaired consciousness.
  • Understanding these states is crucial for effective patient management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the historical and current literature on impaired consciousness following brain trauma.
  • To discuss the causes, pathophysiology, and management of various TBI-induced consciousness impairments.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of historical and current research on brain trauma and consciousness.
  • Analysis of pathophysiology and clinical manifestations of TBI-related consciousness disorders.

Main Results:

  • Impaired consciousness in TBI results from concussion, diffuse axonal injury, and focal brain lesions.
  • Pathophysiological mechanisms vary depending on the type and severity of brain injury.

Conclusions:

  • Effective management of impaired consciousness in TBI requires understanding its specific causes and pathophysiology.
  • Further research can refine diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for TBI patients.