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Related Concept Videos

Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry01:26

Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry

The absorption of UV–visible light by conjugated systems causes the promotion of an electron from the ground state to the excited state. Consequently, photochemical electrocyclic reactions proceed via the excited-state HOMO rather than the ground-state HOMO. Since the ground- and excited-state HOMOs have different symmetries, the stereochemical outcome of electrocyclic reactions depends on the mode of activation; i.e., thermal or photochemical.
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Photoelectric Effect02:26

Photoelectric Effect

When light of a particular wavelength strikes a metal surface, electrons are emitted. This is called the photoelectric effect. The minimum frequency of light that can cause such emission of electrons is called the threshold frequency, which is specific to the metal. Light with a frequency lower than the threshold frequency, even if it is of high intensity, cannot initiate the emission of electrons. However, when the frequency is higher than the threshold value, the number of electrons ejected...
Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview01:26

Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview

Electrocyclic reactions are reversible reactions. They involve an intramolecular cyclization or ring-opening of a conjugated polyene. Shown below are two examples of electrocyclic reactions. In the first reaction, the formation of the cyclic product is favored. In contrast, in the second reaction, ring-opening is favored due to the high ring strain associated with cyclobutene formation.
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Photosystem I

Although structurally similar to photosystem II (PSII), photosystem I (PSI) is has a different electron supplier and electron acceptor.
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Photosystem II

The multi-protein complex photosystem II (PS II) harvests photons and transfers their energy through its bound pigments to its reaction center, and ultimately to photosystem I (PSI) through the electron transport chain. The pigments responsible for caputirng the light energy in photosystems include chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids.
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The Photochemical Reaction Center01:29

The Photochemical Reaction Center

Reaction centers are pigment-protein complexes that initiate energy conversion from photons to chemical entities. Therefore, photochemical reaction center is a more appropriate term that describes these complexes. The Nobel laureates Robert Emerson and William Arnold provided the first experimental evidence of photochemical reaction centers by demonstrating the participation of nearly 2,500 chlorophyll molecules for the release of just one molecule of oxygen. Despite thousands of photosynthetic...

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Integrating a Triplet-triplet Annihilation Up-conversion System to Enhance Dye-sensitized Solar Cell Response to Sub-bandgap Light
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Upconversion-powered photoelectrochemistry.

Rony S Khnayzer1, Jörg Blumhoff, Jordan A Harrington

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, USA.

Chemical Communications (Cambridge, England)
|November 15, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Upconversion photochemistry using palladium(II) octaethylporphyrin and diphenylanthracene sensitizes tungsten oxide photoanodes to green light. This enables efficient light harvesting below the material's bandgap energy.

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Area of Science:

  • Photochemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Tungsten oxide (WO(3)) photoanodes have a wide bandgap (2.7 eV), limiting their response to higher energy photons.
  • Efficiently utilizing sub-bandgap light is crucial for enhancing solar energy conversion.
  • Upconversion photochemistry offers a pathway to convert lower-energy photons into higher-energy ones.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the use of upconversion photochemistry to sensitize nanostructured WO(3) photoanodes.
  • To enable WO(3) photoanodes to absorb sub-bandgap green light photons.
  • To achieve efficient photoanode sensitization at low light power densities.

Main Methods:

  • Employing palladium(II) octaethylporphyrin (PdOEP) and 9,10-diphenylanthracene (DPA) in toluene as the upconversion system.
  • Fabricating nanostructured WO(3) photoanodes.
  • Irradiating the sensitized photoanodes with sub-bandgap green light.

Main Results:

  • Successful sensitization of nanostructured WO(3) photoanodes to sub-bandgap green photons.
  • Upconversion photochemistry between PdOEP and DPA effectively generated higher-energy species.
  • The sensitized WO(3) exhibited photoresponse to green light at low power density.

Conclusions:

  • Upconversion photochemistry is a viable strategy for extending the spectral response of WO(3) photoanodes.
  • This approach allows for efficient utilization of sub-bandgap light, improving light harvesting capabilities.
  • The study demonstrates a novel method for enhancing semiconductor photoanode performance using visible light sensitization.