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Related Concept Videos

Ion Exchange01:17

Ion Exchange

Ion exchange chromatography separates charged molecules from a solution by reversibly exchanging them with mobile, or 'active', ions associated with the oppositely charged stationary phase. This method can be used to separate ions, soften and deionize water, and purify solutions. The polymers comprising the ion-exchange column are high-molecular-weight and chemically stable polymers, crosslinked to be porous and essentially insoluble. They are also functionalized with either acidic or basic...
Chemical Shift: Internal References and Solvent Effects01:17

Chemical Shift: Internal References and Solvent Effects

In an NMR sample, precise measurement of the absolute absorption frequencies of nuclei is difficult. A standard internal reference compound is added, and the frequency difference between the reference signal and sample signals is measured.
The internal reference compound generally used in NMR spectroscopy is tetramethylsilane (TMS). TMS is preferred because it is chemically inert, soluble in NMR solvents, and easily removable. Also, the highly shielded methyl protons in TMS yield an intense...
Ion-Exchange Chromatography01:09

Ion-Exchange Chromatography

Ion-exchange chromatography, or IEC, is a technique for separating ions based on their affinity for the stationary phase. The stationary phase is a cross-linked polymer resin with covalently attached ionic functional groups. The functional groups can be either positively charged (cation exchangers) or negatively charged (anion exchangers). A cation exchanger consists of a polymeric anion and active cations, while an anion exchanger is a polymeric cation with active anions. The choice of...
Double Resonance Techniques: Overview01:12

Double Resonance Techniques: Overview

Double resonance techniques in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy involve the simultaneous application of two different frequencies or radiofrequency pulses to manipulate and observe two distinct nuclear spins. One important application of double resonance is spin decoupling, which selectively suppresses coupling with one type of nucleus while observing the NMR signal from another nucleus, simplifying the spectrum and enhancing resolution.
Spin decoupling is usually achieved by...
Types of Chemical Reactions: Exchange and Reversible01:08

Types of Chemical Reactions: Exchange and Reversible

An exchange reaction is a chemical reaction in which both synthesis and decomposition occur, chemical bonds are both formed and broken, and chemical energy is absorbed, stored, and released.
A special kind of exchange reaction is the oxidation-reduction reaction, or the redox reaction. These reactions involve the transfer of electrons from one compound to another. The electrons in these reactions commonly come from hydrogen atoms, which consist of an electron and a proton. A molecule gives up a...
2D NMR: Overview of Heteronuclear Correlation Techniques01:18

2D NMR: Overview of Heteronuclear Correlation Techniques

Heteronuclear correlation spectroscopy is an analytical technique that investigates the coupling between different types of nuclei, often a proton and an X-nucleus, such as carbon-13 or nitrogen-15. This method is commonly used in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to gain insights into complex chemical compounds' structural and compositional aspects. A typical heteronuclear correlation spectrum displays X-nucleus chemical shifts on one axis and a proton spectrum on the other axis.

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Updated: May 25, 2026

Spin Saturation Transfer Difference NMR (SSTD NMR): A New Tool to Obtain Kinetic Parameters of Chemical Exchange Processes
11:44

Spin Saturation Transfer Difference NMR (SSTD NMR): A New Tool to Obtain Kinetic Parameters of Chemical Exchange Processes

Published on: November 12, 2016

Keyhole chemical exchange saturation transfer.

G Varma1, R E Lenkinski, E Vinogradov

  • 1Radiology, Division of MR Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA. gvarma@bidmc.harvard.edu

Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
|January 17, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Keyhole Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer (CEST) imaging offers a novel approach for high-resolution image reconstruction. This technique shows comparable quantitative gagCEST values in vivo, enhancing diagnostic capabilities.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Imaging
  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging
  • Spectroscopy

Background:

  • Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer (CEST) imaging is a powerful MRI technique for detecting specific molecules.
  • Acquiring high-resolution dynamic CEST data can be time-consuming and challenging.
  • The keyhole technique offers a potential solution by combining low-resolution dynamic data with a high-resolution reference.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and evaluate the Keyhole technique for Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer (CEST) imaging.
  • To assess different high-resolution reconstruction methods for Keyhole CEST.
  • To investigate the application of Keyhole CEST for B(0) correction and in vivo gagCEST measurements.

Main Methods:

  • Acquisition of low-resolution dynamic CEST data with varying saturation frequencies.
  • Acquisition of a high-resolution reference image without saturation.
  • Evaluation of three high-resolution reconstruction algorithms for Keyhole CEST.
  • In vitro studies using dextrose and chondroitin sulfate phantoms.
  • In vivo application for glycosaminoglycan CEST (gagCEST) imaging.

Main Results:

  • Three Keyhole CEST reconstruction methods were evaluated against quantitative high-resolution CEST maps.
  • Keyhole CEST demonstrated comparable quantitative gagCEST values to conventional methods in vivo.
  • The technique's performance was dependent on the size of the region of interest relative to the low-resolution dataset.
  • Successful application for B(0) correction was shown.

Conclusions:

  • Keyhole CEST is a viable technique for high-resolution CEST imaging, improving data acquisition efficiency.
  • The method provides comparable quantitative gagCEST values, suggesting potential for in vivo applications.
  • Careful consideration of the region of interest size is necessary for optimal Keyhole CEST performance.