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Related Concept Videos

Exocytosis00:50

Exocytosis

Exocytosis is a process that releases molecules outside the cell. Like other bulk transport mechanisms, exocytosis requires energy.
Exocytosis is the opposite of endocytosis, which brings molecules inside the cell. Sometimes, the released materials are signaling molecules. For example, neurons typically use exocytosis to release neurotransmitters. Cells also use exocytosis to insert proteins such as ion channels into their cell membranes, secrete proteins for use in the extracellular matrix, or...
Exocytosis00:51

Exocytosis

Exocytosis is used to release material from cells. Like other bulk transport mechanisms, exocytosis requires energy.
Insulin Secretory Vesicles01:05

Insulin Secretory Vesicles

Insulin secretory vesicles release insulin to stimulate blood glucose uptake and regulate carbohydrate metabolism. When the blood glucose levels increase, glucose enters the pancreatic β-islet cells through glucose transporters. Once inside, glucose is metabolized through glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain, producing ATP. This increase in ATP concentration closes ATP-sensitive potassium channels, leading to depolarization of the membrane and the opening of...
Vesicular Trasport: Endocytosis, Transcytosis and Exocytosis01:18

Vesicular Trasport: Endocytosis, Transcytosis and Exocytosis

Vesicular transport is a cellular process that encompasses the engulfment of particles or dissolved substances by cells. It involves endocytosis, transcytosis, and exocytosis.
Endocytosis is a cellular mechanism that involves the inward folding of the cell membrane to create vesicles that capture and transport large drug molecules. This process comprises two distinct methods: pinocytosis (often referred to as "cell drinking") and phagocytosis (often referred to as "cell eating"). Pinocytosis is...
Intralumenal Vesicles and Multivesicular Bodies01:38

Intralumenal Vesicles and Multivesicular Bodies

Intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) are small vesicles 50-80 nm in diameter formed during the maturation of early endosomes. A specialized endosome containing numerous ILVs is called a multivesicular body (MVB). ILVs contain internalized molecules such as antigens, nucleic acids, proteins, and metabolites. Some of these molecules are released from the MVBs inside exosomes and are transported to other cells. Other MVBs contain molecules that are retained in the ILVs and are later degraded within the...
Overview of Secretory Vesicles01:33

Overview of Secretory Vesicles

Secretory vesicles, also known as dense core vesicles (DCVs), are membrane-bound vesicles that transport secretory proteins, such as hormones or neurotransmitters. Regulated secretory vesicles transport proteins from the trans-Golgi network to the exterior of the cell. Proteins present in regulated secretory vesicles are required to be rapidly exocytosed in large amounts upon a specific stimulus.
Various proteins regulate the aggregation of molecules inside the secretory vesicles. Chromogranins...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 25, 2026

Imaging FITC-dextran as a Reporter for Regulated Exocytosis
04:50

Imaging FITC-dextran as a Reporter for Regulated Exocytosis

Published on: June 20, 2018

GLUT4 exocytosis.

Jacqueline Stöckli1, Daniel J Fazakerley, David E James

  • 1Diabetes and Obesity Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia.

Journal of Cell Science
|January 17, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) facilitates glucose uptake in muscle and fat cells. Insulin triggers GLUT4 storage vesicles (GSVs) to fuse with the cell membrane, regulating blood sugar levels.

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Live Images of GLUT4 Protein Trafficking in Mouse Primary Hypothalamic Neurons Using Deconvolution Microscopy
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Live Images of GLUT4 Protein Trafficking in Mouse Primary Hypothalamic Neurons Using Deconvolution Microscopy

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Automated Detection and Analysis of Exocytosis
13:28

Automated Detection and Analysis of Exocytosis

Published on: September 11, 2021

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 25, 2026

Imaging FITC-dextran as a Reporter for Regulated Exocytosis
04:50

Imaging FITC-dextran as a Reporter for Regulated Exocytosis

Published on: June 20, 2018

Live Images of GLUT4 Protein Trafficking in Mouse Primary Hypothalamic Neurons Using Deconvolution Microscopy
08:47

Live Images of GLUT4 Protein Trafficking in Mouse Primary Hypothalamic Neurons Using Deconvolution Microscopy

Published on: December 7, 2017

Automated Detection and Analysis of Exocytosis
13:28

Automated Detection and Analysis of Exocytosis

Published on: September 11, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Metabolic Regulation
  • Molecular Physiology

Background:

  • Glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) mediates insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in adipocytes and myocytes.
  • GLUT4 resides in intracellular vesicles, known as GLUT4 storage vesicles (GSVs), in the absence of insulin.
  • Understanding GLUT4 trafficking is crucial for metabolic health.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the evidence for GLUT4 storage vesicles (GSVs).
  • To elucidate the mechanisms of GSV sequestration and insulin-induced exocytosis.
  • To discuss the molecular regulation of GLUT4 trafficking and its implications in metabolic disease.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing evidence on GLUT4 trafficking.
  • Analysis of molecular components involved in vesicle transport and fusion.
  • Discussion of regulatory networks governing GLUT4 exocytosis and endocytosis.

Main Results:

  • Insulin stimulation causes a rapid burst of GSV fusion with the plasma membrane.
  • GLUT4 is internalized and recycled via endosomal vesicles distinct from GSVs.
  • The process involves a complex network of proteins including actin cytoskeleton, myosin motors, Rab GTPases, exocyst, SNAREs, and AKT.

Conclusions:

  • GLUT4 trafficking is a tightly regulated, multi-step process essential for glucose homeostasis.
  • Dysregulation of this pathway, involving key molecular players, may contribute to metabolic diseases.
  • Further dissection of regulatory nodes offers insights into therapeutic targets for metabolic disorders.