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Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Surface, Infiltration, and Conduction Block Anesthesia

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Surface, Infiltration, and Conduction Block Anesthesia

Depending on the target organ, local anesthetics (LAs) can be administered via various routes. In surface anesthesia, LAs are applied directly to the surface of the skin or mucous membranes. It is widely used for topical skin numbing before venipuncture or minor surgical procedures. Commonly used surface local anesthetics are lidocaine or benzocaine sprays or creams. Surface anesthesia occurs within 5 minutes and lasts for about 60 minutes. One of the main disadvantages of topical anesthesia is...

Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications

Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications

Local anesthetics (LAs) are commonly used for various applications in medical and dental procedures. Some of the common agents used are cocaine, lidocaine, and bupivacaine.
Cocaine is an ester of benzoic acid and methylecgogine. It is used to anesthetize and vasoconstrict locally. Currently, it is used primarily for topical applications. It is beneficial for surgeries on the upper respiratory tract, providing anesthesia and shrinking the mucosa. Cocaine in the form of cocaine hydrochloride is...

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia

Epidural anesthetics are administered in the fat-filled epidural space, the outermost part of the spinal canal. This technique is commonly employed for pain management and anesthesia during lower abdomen and pelvis surgeries or labor and delivery.
Since epidural anesthetics can be infused through an epidural catheter, all types of drugs, including short-acting ones, can be administered. Chloroprocaine and lidocaine are examples of short and long-duration anesthetics, respectively. Bupivacaine...

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia

Intravenous regional anesthesia or the Bier block technique is used to anesthetize a specific limb or extremity. It uses exsanguinated or blood-drained vessels to transport local anesthetics or LAs to the peripheral nerve trunks. Lidocaine without vasoconstrictors like epinephrine is most commonly used for this technique. Other drugs used are prilocaine, ropivacaine, and chloroprocaine. Bupivacaine is not recommended for this technique due to its high cardiac toxicity.
One of the advantages of...

Local Anesthetics: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship

Local Anesthetics: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship

Local anesthetics (LAs) are drugs that induce a temporary loss of sensation in a limited body area, preventing pain. Cocaine was the first local anesthetic discovered in the late 19th century. Cocaine is a benzoic acid ester obtained from the leaves of coca shrubs and was often used for its psychotropic effects. Cocaine was first isolated in 1860 by Albert Niemann. Sigmund Freud studied the physiological actions of cocaine. Carl Koller later introduced it into clinical practice in 1884 as a...

Local Anesthetics: Pharmacokinetics

Local Anesthetics: Pharmacokinetics

The potency and duration of action of local anesthetics (LAs) are determined by their pharmacokinetics. Pharmacokinetics describes how LAs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and eliminated from the body. When administered to the vascular tissues, LAs are quickly absorbed and enter the systemic circulation, reducing their localized effects. Adding vasoconstrictors such as epinephrine to LAs reduces their absorption into the systemic circulation, making them clinically effective. The...

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Updated: May 25, 2026

CO2-Lasertonsillotomy Under Local Anesthesia in Adults

CO₂-Lasertonsillotomy Under Local Anesthesia in Adults

Published on: November 6, 2019

[Local anesthetic procedures in dermatology: Part 1: principles].

D Dill-Müller¹

¹Hautklinik Lüdenscheid, Märkische Kliniken GmbH, Paulmannshöherstr. 14, 58511, Lüdenscheid, Deutschland. dorothee.dill-mueller@klinikum-luedenscheid.de

Der Hautarzt; Zeitschrift Fur Dermatologie, Venerologie, Und Verwandte Gebiete

|January 26, 2012

Summary

Local anesthesia is crucial for dermatologic surgery, with anesthetic choice tailored to patient factors. Proper technique and emergency preparedness minimize risks associated with local anesthetics.

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Published on: January 13, 2017

Area of Science:

Dermatologic Surgery
Anesthesiology
Local Anesthesia Techniques

Context:

Local anesthesia is the standard for most dermatologic procedures.
Patient-specific factors (age, cooperation, comorbidities) guide anesthetic selection.
Amide-type anesthetics are commonly used for local infiltration.

Purpose:

To review the principles and practices of local anesthesia in dermatologic surgery.
To highlight the importance of patient assessment and anesthetic choice.
To emphasize the need for anatomical knowledge and emergency preparedness.

Summary:

Local anesthesia selection depends on patient age, cooperation, and health status.
Amide anesthetics are preferred for infiltration; nerve blocks require anatomical expertise.
Local anesthetics have a low complication risk when used correctly, considering drug interactions and toxicity.

Impact:

Informed anesthetic choices improve patient safety and surgical outcomes.
Effective peripheral nerve blocks require strong anatomical understanding.
Regular training in managing anesthetic emergencies is vital for operating room teams, especially for older patients.