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Related Concept Videos

Inertial Frames of Reference01:03

Inertial Frames of Reference

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Newton’s first law is usually considered to be a statement about reference frames. It provides a method for identifying a special type of reference frame: the inertial reference frame. In principle, we can make the net force on a body zero. If its velocity relative to a given frame is constant, then that frame is said to be inertial. So, by definition, an inertial reference frame is a reference frame where Newton's first law holds valid. Newton's first law applies to objects with...
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Non-inertial Frames of Reference01:27

Non-inertial Frames of Reference

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A reference frame accelerating or decelerating relative to an inertial frame is a non-inertial frame. To help understand this, consider what taking off in an airplane, turning a corner in a car, riding a merry-go-round, and the circular motion of a tropical cyclone all have in common. All these systems are accelerating, decelerating, or rotating relative to the Earth; hence, they all are non-inertial frames. All these systems exhibit inertial forces, which merely seem to arise from motion,...
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Standard Electrode Potentials03:02

Standard Electrode Potentials

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On comparing the reactivity of silver and lead, it is observed that the two ionic species, Ag+ (aq) and Pb2+ (aq), show a difference in their redox reactivity towards copper: the silver ion undergoes spontaneous reduction, while the lead ion does not. This relative redox activity can be easily quantified in electrochemical cells by a property called cell potential. This property is commonly known as cell voltage in electrochemistry, and it is a measure of the energy which accompanies the charge...
50.4K
Chemical Shift: Internal References and Solvent Effects01:17

Chemical Shift: Internal References and Solvent Effects

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In an NMR sample, precise measurement of the absolute absorption frequencies of nuclei is difficult. A standard internal reference compound is added, and the frequency difference between the reference signal and sample signals is measured.
The internal reference compound generally used in NMR spectroscopy is tetramethylsilane (TMS). TMS is preferred because it is chemically inert, soluble in NMR solvents, and easily removable. Also, the highly shielded methyl protons in TMS yield an intense...
1.4K
Electrodes: Overview01:17

Electrodes: Overview

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 Electrochemical measurements are conducted in an electrochemical cell composed of various components that control and measure the current and potential. One fundamental component is electrodes, conductive materials that enable electron transfer reactions at their surfaces.
There are two main types of electrodes in electrochemical cells. The first type, known as the working or indicator electrode, has a potential that is sensitive to the analyte's concentration and reacts to changes in...
2.7K
Potentiometry: Types of Electrodes01:19

Potentiometry: Types of Electrodes

2.1K
Reference electrodes serve as a stable reference point for potentiometric measurements, while indicator and working electrodes react to variations in the composition of a solution.
The Standard Hydrogen Electrode (SHE) is a widely used reference electrode that maintains zero potential across all temperatures. However, its need for a continuous hydrogen gas supply renders it impractical for everyday use.
An alternative to SHE is the Saturated Calomel Electrode (SCE). This electrode features an...
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Microfabricated reference electrodes and their biosensing applications.

M Waleed Shinwari1, David Zhitomirsky, Imran A Deen

  • 1McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1 Canada. shinwamw@univmail.cis.mcmaster.ca

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|February 2, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Miniaturized reference electrodes are crucial for electrochemical sensing in lab-on-chip devices. This study explores their electrochemistry, thermodynamics, and advances in miniaturization for improved performance and lifetime.

Keywords:
biosensorelectrochemicalelectrodelab-on-chipmicrofabricationreference electrode

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Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Sensor Technology
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Miniaturization of lab-on-chip devices is a growing trend, offering advantages like lower cost and faster analysis.
  • Electrochemical sensing is dominant in lab-on-chip systems, relying heavily on stable reference electrodes.
  • Research on miniaturized reference electrodes, their performance, and longevity is limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present the fundamental electrochemistry and thermodynamics of reference electrodes.
  • To illustrate the application of reference electrodes in electrochemical and biological measurements.
  • To review contemporary advances in miniaturized reference electrode technology and performance.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical exploration of reference electrode electrochemistry and thermodynamics.
  • Review of different electrochemical systems used as reference electrodes.
  • Analysis of current advancements in miniaturization and performance evaluation.

Main Results:

  • Provides a foundational understanding of reference electrode principles.
  • Highlights the critical role of reference electrodes in electrochemical sensing.
  • Summarizes recent progress in developing smaller, more stable reference electrodes.

Conclusions:

  • Miniaturized reference electrodes are essential for the advancement of lab-on-chip devices.
  • Further research into their performance, stability, and lifetime is warranted.
  • This work provides a basis for future development in electrochemical sensor miniaturization.