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Related Concept Videos

Structure and Nomenclature of Alcohols and Phenols02:23

Structure and Nomenclature of Alcohols and Phenols

Overview
Alcohols are one of the most important functional groups in organic chemistry. The name of alcohol comes from the hydrocarbon from which it is derived. Alcohols are organic molecules containing the functional hydroxyl or –OH group directly bonded to carbon. Phenols have an OH group directly attached to a benzene ring. While alcohols are colorless, phenol is a white crystalline compound with a characteristic "hospital smell" odor.
As with other organic compounds, alcohols and phenols...
Acidity and Basicity of Alcohols and Phenols02:36

Acidity and Basicity of Alcohols and Phenols

Like water, alcohols are weak acids and bases. This is attributed to the polarization of the O–H bond making the hydrogen partially positive. Moreover, the electron pairs on the oxygen atom of alcohol make it both basic and nucleophilic. Protonation of an alcohol converts hydroxide, a poor leaving group, into water—a good one. The two acid–base equilibria corresponding to ethanol are depicted below.
Physical Properties of Alcohols and Phenols02:32

Physical Properties of Alcohols and Phenols

Alcohols are organic compounds in which a hydroxy group is attached to a saturated carbon. Phenols are a class of alcohols containing a hydroxy group attached to an aromatic ring. The physical properties of the alcohols and phenols are influenced by hydrogen bonding due to the oxygen–hydrogen dipole in the hydroxy functional group and dispersion forces between alkyl or aryl regions of alcohol and phenol molecules.
Alcohols possess a higher boiling point than aliphatic hydrocarbons of similar...
meta-Directing Deactivators: –NO2, –CN, –CHO, –⁠CO2R, –COR, –CO2H01:13

meta-Directing Deactivators: –NO2, –CN, –CHO, –⁠CO2R, –COR, –CO2H

All meta-directing substituents are deactivating groups. These substituents withdraw electrons from the aromatic ring, making the ring less reactive toward electrophilic substitution. For example, the nitration of nitrobenzene is 100,000 times slower than that of benzene because of the deactivating effect of the nitro group. The first step in an electrophilic aromatic substitution is the addition of an electrophile to form a resonance-stabilized carbocation. The energy diagrams for the...
Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones01:17

Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones

In the presence of oxidizing agents, phenols are oxidized to quinones. Quinones can be easily reduced back to phenols using mild reducing agents. The electron-donating hydroxyl group enhances the reactivity of the aromatic ring, enabling oxidation of the ring even in the absence of an α hydrogen.
o-hydroxy phenols are oxidized to o-quinones and p-hydroxy phenols to p-quinones. Such redox reactions involve the transfer of two electrons and two protons. The reversible redox property is crucial in...
2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO201:20

2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO2

Secondary amines react with nitrous acid to form N-nitrosamines, as depicted in Figure 1. Nitrous acid, a weak and unstable acid, is formed in situ from an aqueous solution of sodium nitrite and strong acids, such as hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, in cold conditions. In the presence of an acid, the nitrous acid gets protonated. The subsequent loss of water results in the formation of the electrophile known as nitrosonium ion.

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A Direct, Regioselective and Atom-Economical Synthesis of 3-Aroyl-N-hydroxy-5-nitroindoles by Cycloaddition of 4-Nitronitrosobenzene with Alkynones
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3-Methyl-4-nitro-phenol.

Su-Lan Dong1, Xiaochun Cheng

  • 1College of Life Science and Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaiyin 223003, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.

Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
|February 21, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study details the crystal structure of a nitro-substituted benzene molecule, C(7)H(7)NO(3). The nitro group

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Area of Science:

  • Crystallography
  • Molecular structure analysis
  • Organic chemistry

Background:

  • Understanding molecular geometry and intermolecular forces is crucial in chemistry.
  • Benzene derivatives with nitro groups are important in various chemical applications.
  • Crystal structure analysis provides detailed insights into molecular arrangement and bonding.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the precise crystal structure of the molecule C(7)H(7)NO(3).
  • To analyze the orientation of the nitro group relative to the benzene ring.
  • To identify and describe the intermolecular interactions stabilizing the crystal lattice.

Main Methods:

  • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to obtain the crystal structure data.
  • Analysis of bond lengths, bond angles, and torsion angles.
  • Identification of hydrogen bonds (O-H⋯O) and C-H⋯O interactions.

Main Results:

  • The nitro group in C(7)H(7)NO(3) exhibits a specific orientation at 14.4(3)° with respect to the benzene ring plane.
  • The crystal structure is characterized by the presence of O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds.
  • C-H⋯O interactions were also identified as contributing to crystal stabilization.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides a precise structural characterization of C(7)H(7)NO(3).
  • The identified intermolecular interactions, including hydrogen bonds, are key to the molecule's crystal packing.
  • This structural information can be valuable for predicting properties and designing related molecules.