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Related Concept Videos

Shock Waves01:16

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While deriving the Doppler formula for the observed frequency of a sound wave, it is assumed that the speed of sound in the medium is greater than the source's speed through it. When this condition is breached, a shock wave occurs.
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Shock Wave Application to Cell Cultures
05:39

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Published on: April 8, 2014

Shocks near jamming.

Leopoldo R Gómez1, Ari M Turner, Martin van Hecke

  • 1Instituut-Lorentz, Universiteit Leiden, P.O. Box 9056, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands. gomez@lorentz.leidenuniv.nl

Physical Review Letters
|March 10, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Granular materials exhibit nonlinear sound and supersonic shocks when compressed, unlike typical solids. Researchers developed a simple model explaining shock speed dependence on pressure and impact in these jammed media.

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Area of Science:

  • Physics
  • Materials Science
  • Nonlinear Dynamics

Background:

  • Nonlinear sound is usually observed in solids after explosions.
  • Granular media exhibit unique behavior upon jamming, with vanishing rigidity and sound speed.
  • Mechanical perturbations in jammed granular media can form supersonic shocks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the nature of elementary excitations in dynamically compressed 2D granular packings.
  • To demonstrate that these excitations are nonlinear shocks, not phonons.
  • To develop an analytical model for shock speed dependence.

Main Methods:

  • Performing computer simulations of 2D jammed granular packings.
  • Applying dynamic compression to the packings.
  • Analyzing the resulting elementary excitations.

Main Results:

  • Elementary excitations in compressed granular packings are strongly nonlinear shocks.
  • These shocks propagate supersonically.
  • A simple analytical model accurately captures shock speed dependency on pressure and impact intensity.

Conclusions:

  • Jammed granular media exhibit fundamentally different acoustic behavior compared to traditional solids.
  • Nonlinear shocks are the primary mode of energy propagation in these systems.
  • The developed model provides a foundational understanding of shock dynamics in granular materials.