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The circadian—or biological—clock is an intrinsic, timekeeping, molecular mechanism that allows plants to coordinate physiological activities over 24-hour cycles called circadian rhythms. Photoperiodism is a collective term for the biological responses of plants to variations in the relative lengths of dark and light periods. The period of light-exposure is called the photoperiod.
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Updated: May 21, 2026

Through-the-Wall Blood Sampling Method to Minimize Sleep Disruption in Clinical Settings
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Published on: June 13, 2025

[Biological clock and sleep].

Ken-ichi Honma1

  • 1Department of Chronomedicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan.

Brain and Nerve = Shinkei Kenkyu No Shinpo
|June 1, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Human sleep-wake cycles can desynchronize internally, unique among mammals. Methamphetamine treatment in rats created an animal model for this internal desynchronization, supporting a two-oscillator model.

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Area of Science:

  • Chronobiology
  • Neuroscience
  • Sleep Medicine

Context:

  • The human sleep-wake cycle can internally desynchronize from circadian rhythms like body temperature and melatonin.
  • Internal desynchronization is unique to humans and not observed in other mammals.
  • Existing models for the sleep-wake cycle include two-oscillator and two-process models.

Purpose:

  • To investigate the brain mechanisms underlying human internal desynchronization of the sleep-wake cycle.
  • To develop a suitable animal model for studying internal desynchronization.
  • To test the validity of the two-oscillator model for the human sleep-wake cycle.

Summary:

  • Rats treated with methamphetamine (MAP) exhibited behavioral rhythms independent of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) circadian pacemaker.
  • MAP treatment induced internal desynchronization between behavioral rhythms and SCN clock gene expression rhythms.
  • This suggests a secondary pacemaker outside the SCN regulates the sleep-wake cycle, supporting the two-oscillator model.

Impact:

  • Establishes a novel animal model for studying internal desynchronization of the sleep-wake cycle.
  • Provides evidence for a secondary pacemaker outside the SCN involved in regulating sleep-wake patterns.
  • Identifies the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system as a potential site for the behavior-associated peripheral clock.