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Related Concept Videos

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and reactivity.

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Use of an Influenza Antigen Microarray to Measure the Breadth of Serum Antibodies Across Virus Subtypes
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Antigenic analysis for vaccines and diagnostics.

Laura R Hendrix1, Chen Chen

  • 1Department of Microbial and Molecular Pathogenesis, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, 3107 Medical Research and Education Building, Bryan, TX 77807-3260, USA. lhendrix@tamhsc.edu

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
|June 20, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Coxiella burnetii causes Q fever, often misdiagnosed as flu. New diagnostic tools and vaccines are being developed to combat this serious infection, which can lead to endocarditis.

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology and immunology
  • Infectious diseases
  • Vaccinology

Background:

  • Coxiella burnetii infection (Q fever) is often misdiagnosed due to influenza-like symptoms.
  • It can lead to severe chronic conditions like endocarditis and chronic fatigue.
  • Ruminants are the primary reservoir, transmitting infection via aerosols and birth products.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current diagnostic methods and vaccine development for Coxiella burnetii.
  • To highlight challenges in diagnosis and treatment delays.
  • To explore novel approaches for identifying immunoreactive proteins and understanding strain diversity.

Main Methods:

  • Review of serological testing and PCR for diagnosis.
  • Analysis of vaccine strategies, including subunit and peptide-based approaches.
  • Application of proteomics (2-D SDS-PAGE, mass spectrometry) and genomics (microarrays) for antigen discovery.

Main Results:

  • Current serological tests have diagnostic delays.
  • PCR offers early detection but can become negative.
  • Novel methods are identifying potential vaccine candidates and understanding C. burnetii diversity.

Conclusions:

  • Improved diagnostic reagents and vaccines are needed for Coxiella burnetii.
  • Advanced proteomic and genomic techniques are crucial for identifying effective antigens.
  • Understanding strain diversity may correlate with disease severity.