Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Covalent Bonding and Lewis Structures

Covalent Bonding and Lewis Structures

Compared to ionic bonds, which results from the transfer of electrons between metallic and nonmetallic atoms, covalent bonds result from the mutual attraction of atoms for a “shared” pair of electrons.

Organic Compounds

Organic Compounds

All living things are formed mostly of carbon compounds called organic compounds. The category of organic compounds includes both natural and synthetic compounds that contain carbon. Although a single, precise definition has yet to be identified by the chemistry community, most agree that a defining trait of organic molecules is the presence of carbon as the principal element, bonded to hydrogen and other carbon atoms. However, some carbon-containing compounds such as carbonates, cyanides, and...

Network Covalent Solids

Network Covalent Solids

Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
To break or to melt a covalent network solid, covalent bonds must be broken. Because covalent bonds are relatively strong, covalent network solids are typically...

Covalent Bonds

Covalent Bonds

Covalent Bonds

Covalent Bonds

Overview
When two atoms share electrons to complete their valence shells, they create a covalent bond. An atom's electronegativity—the force with which shared electrons are pulled towards an atom—determines how the electrons are shared. Molecules formed with covalent bonds can be either polar or nonpolar. Atoms with similar electronegativities form nonpolar covalent bonds; the electrons are shared equally. Atoms with different electronegativities share electrons unequally, creating polar bonds.

Lewis Structures of Molecular Compounds and Polyatomic Ions

Lewis Structures of Molecular Compounds and Polyatomic Ions

To draw Lewis structures for complicated molecules and molecular ions, it is helpful to follow a step-by-step procedure as outlined:

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

HDAC3 in Alzheimer's Disease: established evidence, unresolved questions, and translational priorities.

Molecular biology reports·2026

Same author

Seven Models for Outer Surface-Only Functionalized Nanofluidic Systems.

ACS nano·2026

Same author

Acylhydrazone-Linked Covalent Organic Frameworks.

Journal of the American Chemical Society·2026

Same author

Single crystal covalent organic frameworks.

Chemical Society reviews·2026

Same author

A novel autoantibody panel as potential diagnostic markers for hepatocellular carcinoma.

Biomarkers in medicine·2026

Same author

Electrolyte Covalent Organic Frameworks for Exceptional Potassium Ion Conduction.

Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)·2026

Same journal

Fluorescent merocyanines: from fundamental properties to applications as molecular probes, in bioimaging and as emissive dye aggregates.

Chemical Society reviews·2026

Same journal

Direct impure water electrolysis at industrial scale.

Chemical Society reviews·2026

Same journal

Catalytic valorization of polyolefins: from catalysts and processes to reactors.

Chemical Society reviews·2026

Same journal

Designing stable π-radicals.

Chemical Society reviews·2026

Same journal

Antibacterial drug discovery: challenges and preclinical promises from synthetic small molecules.

Chemical Society reviews·2026

Same journal

Selective carbon-carbon bond cleavage involving alkene moieties.

Chemical Society reviews·2026

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 20, 2026

Microfluidic-based Synthesis of Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs): A Tool for Continuous Production of COF Fibers and Direct Printing on a Surface

Microfluidic-based Synthesis of Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs): A Tool for Continuous Production of COF Fibers and Direct Printing on a Surface

Published on: July 10, 2017

Covalent organic frameworks.

Xiao Feng¹, Xuesong Ding, Donglin Jiang

¹Department of Materials Molecular Science, Institute for Molecular Science, National Institute for Natural Sciences, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan.

Chemical Society Reviews

|July 24, 2012

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) offer tunable nanopores for advanced materials. This review covers COF design, synthesis, and applications in gas storage, catalysis, and optoelectronics.

More Related Videos

Synthesis of Single-Crystalline Core-Shell Metal-Organic Frameworks

Synthesis of Single-Crystalline Core-Shell Metal-Organic Frameworks

Published on: February 10, 2023

Synthesis and Characterization of Functionalized Metal-organic Frameworks

Synthesis and Characterization of Functionalized Metal-organic Frameworks

Published on: September 5, 2014

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 20, 2026

Microfluidic-based Synthesis of Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs): A Tool for Continuous Production of COF Fibers and Direct Printing on a Surface

Microfluidic-based Synthesis of Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs): A Tool for Continuous Production of COF Fibers and Direct Printing on a Surface

Published on: July 10, 2017

Synthesis of Single-Crystalline Core-Shell Metal-Organic Frameworks

Synthesis of Single-Crystalline Core-Shell Metal-Organic Frameworks

Published on: February 10, 2023

Synthesis and Characterization of Functionalized Metal-organic Frameworks

Synthesis and Characterization of Functionalized Metal-organic Frameworks

Published on: September 5, 2014

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Polymer Chemistry
Nanotechnology

Background:

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are crystalline porous polymers.
COFs enable precise integration of organic units for predesigned skeletons and nanopores.
They are emerging as a key molecular platform for advanced materials.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the fundamental design concepts of COFs.
To discuss recent advancements in COF synthesis and structural studies.
To explore the frontiers of functional applications for COFs.

Main Methods:

Reticular design principles based on dynamic covalent chemistry.
Synthesis strategies leveraging diverse organic building blocks.
Structural characterization techniques for porous materials.

Main Results:

COFs offer tunable porosity and high surface areas.
Key factors for COF synthesis include reaction reversibility, building block diversity, and geometry retention.
Demonstrated applications in gas storage, catalysis, and optoelectronics.

Conclusions:

COFs represent a versatile platform for designing functional porous materials.
Advancements in synthesis and design unlock new application potentials.
Future research directions focus on expanding functional exploration of COFs.