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Related Concept Videos

Global Climate Change01:50

Global Climate Change

Throughout its ~4.5 billion year history, the Earth has experienced periods of warming and cooling. However, the current drastic increase in global temperatures is well outside of the Earth’s cyclic norms, and evidence for human-caused global climate change is compelling. Paleoclimatology, the study of ancient climate conditions, provides ample evidence for human-caused global climate change by comparing recent conditions with those in the past.
What is Climate?01:16

What is Climate?

Climate refers to the prevailing weather conditions in a specific area over an extended period. As the saying goes, “Climate is what you expect. Weather is what you get.” Climate is influenced by geographic factors, such as latitude, terrain, and proximity to bodies of water.
Microbes and Climate Change01:27

Microbes and Climate Change

Microorganisms are pivotal agents in Earth's biogeochemical cycles, significantly influencing climate dynamics through their metabolic activities. These microbes modulate the levels of key greenhouse gases by both contributing to and helping mitigate climate change.Microbial Contributions to Greenhouse Gas EmissionsRising global temperatures accelerate microbial metabolism, which, in turn, speeds up the decomposition of organic matter. This process releases carbon dioxide (CO₂) through...
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What is Weather?

Overview
The Carbon Cycle01:14

The Carbon Cycle

Carbon is the basis of all organic matter on Earth, and is recycled through the ecosystem in two primary processes: one in which carbon is exchanged among living organisms, and one in which carbon is cycled over long periods of time through fossilized organic remains, weathering of rocks, and volcanic activity. Human activities, including increased agricultural practices and the burning of fossil fuels, has greatly affected the balance of the natural carbon cycle.
Radiation: Applications01:17

Radiation: Applications

The average temperature of Earth is the subject of much current discussion. Earth is in radiative contact with both the Sun and dark space; it receives almost all its energy from the radiation of the Sun and reflects some of it into outer space. Dark space is very cold, about 3 K, so Earth radiates energy into it. For instance, heat transfer occurs from soil and grasses, the rate of which can be so rapid that frost can occur on clear summer evenings, even in warm latitudes.
The average...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 19, 2026

Split Point Analysis and Uncertainty Quantification of Thermal-Optical Organic/Elemental Carbon Measurements
10:22

Split Point Analysis and Uncertainty Quantification of Thermal-Optical Organic/Elemental Carbon Measurements

Published on: September 7, 2019

Global air quality and climate.

Arlene M Fiore1, Vaishali Naik, Dominick V Spracklen

  • 1Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences and Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY, USA. amfiore@ldeo.columbia.edu

Chemical Society Reviews
|August 8, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Reducing methane (CH4) and ozone (O3) precursors can slow warming and improve air quality. Controlling air pollution impacts climate, but balancing effects like aerosols and clouds is complex. Future projections show improved air quality with emission reductions.

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Measurement of Aerosols Optical Thickness of the Atmosphere using the GLOBE Handheld Sun Photometer
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Measurement of Aerosols Optical Thickness of the Atmosphere using the GLOBE Handheld Sun Photometer

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Measurement of Aerosols Optical Thickness of the Atmosphere using the GLOBE Handheld Sun Photometer

Published on: May 29, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate Science
  • Environmental Science and Policy

Background:

  • Air pollutant emissions influence regional air quality and global climate.
  • Climate change impacts air pollution through altered transport, chemistry, and meteorology.
  • Projected changes in methane (CH4), ozone precursors (O3), and aerosols have significant implications for climate and air quality.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the implications of projected changes in CH4, O3 precursors, and aerosols for climate and air quality.
  • To assess the net climate impacts of individual emission sectors.
  • To compare air quality projections under different emission scenarios (IPCC SRES vs. RCP).

Main Methods:

  • Review of projected changes in CH4, O3 precursors, and aerosols.
  • Analysis of radiative forcing and global surface temperature changes.
  • Modeling and observational analyses of climate-driven air quality changes.
  • Comparison of air quality projections using IPCC SRES and RCP emission scenarios.

Main Results:

  • Reducing CH4 slows near-term warming by decreasing both CH4 and tropospheric O3.
  • Net climate forcing from nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions is uncertain due to warming (O3) and cooling (aerosols, CH4 reduction) effects.
  • Anthropogenic CO and NMVOC emissions contribute to warming by increasing O3 and CH4.
  • Black carbon emission controls may slow warming, but uncertainties in aerosol and cloud effects exist.
  • Reducing sulfate and nitrate aerosols improves air quality but causes warming.
  • A warming climate is projected to degrade air quality in many populated regions.
  • New RCP emission scenarios project improved air quality compared to IPCC SRES scenarios.

Conclusions:

  • A holistic assessment of air pollution controls on climate is needed, considering net impacts from emission sectors.
  • Uncertainty in emission-driven air quality changes is generally greater than in climate-driven changes.
  • Confidence in air quality projections is limited by emission trajectory reliability and uncertainties in climate responses, biosphere feedbacks, and oxidation pathways.