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Related Concept Videos

Influenza01:27

Influenza

Influenza is an acute, highly communicable viral disease that affects the respiratory tract and is responsible for seasonal epidemics worldwide. Influenza A is the most prevalent type associated with widespread outbreaks and is subtyped based on two surface glycoproteins: hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N), as in H1N1. These glycoproteins are essential for viral infectivity, transmission, and immune recognition. Transmission occurs primarily through respiratory droplets and contaminated...
Viral Recombination00:57

Viral Recombination

Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R stands for...
Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens01:29

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
NK Cells
NK cells are a crucial part of our innate immune system, acting as the first line of defense against viral infections. These cells can recognize and kill infected cells without prior exposure to the virus, effectively slowing down the spread of infection. Additionally, NK cells produce proinflammatory...
Viruses with RNA Genomes01:29

Viruses with RNA Genomes

RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
Receptor-mediated Endocytosis01:38

Receptor-mediated Endocytosis

Overview

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 19, 2026

In Vitro Disassembly of Influenza A Virus Capsids by Gradient Centrifugation
07:24

In Vitro Disassembly of Influenza A Virus Capsids by Gradient Centrifugation

Published on: March 27, 2016

Influenza virus binds its host cell using multiple dynamic interactions.

Christian Sieben1, Christian Kappel, Rong Zhu

  • 1Department of Biology, Molecular Biophysics, Humboldt University Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|August 8, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Influenza virus attaches to host cells via multivalent binding. This study used advanced techniques to reveal the low forces and dynamic interactions involved in hemagglutinin-receptor binding.

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Measuring Attachment and Internalization of Influenza A Virus in A549 Cells by Flow Cytometry
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Measuring Attachment and Internalization of Influenza A Virus in A549 Cells by Flow Cytometry

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Affinity Purification of Influenza Virus Ribonucleoprotein Complexes from the Chromatin of Infected Cells
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Affinity Purification of Influenza Virus Ribonucleoprotein Complexes from the Chromatin of Infected Cells

Published on: June 3, 2012

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 19, 2026

In Vitro Disassembly of Influenza A Virus Capsids by Gradient Centrifugation
07:24

In Vitro Disassembly of Influenza A Virus Capsids by Gradient Centrifugation

Published on: March 27, 2016

Measuring Attachment and Internalization of Influenza A Virus in A549 Cells by Flow Cytometry
07:25

Measuring Attachment and Internalization of Influenza A Virus in A549 Cells by Flow Cytometry

Published on: November 4, 2015

Affinity Purification of Influenza Virus Ribonucleoprotein Complexes from the Chromatin of Infected Cells
11:20

Affinity Purification of Influenza Virus Ribonucleoprotein Complexes from the Chromatin of Infected Cells

Published on: June 3, 2012

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Biophysics
  • Computational Biology

Background:

  • Influenza virus, an enveloped virus, utilizes its hemagglutinin (HA) spike protein to bind host cell receptors.
  • The binding affinity, characterized by millimolar dissociation constants, suggests a multivalent interaction mode.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantitatively characterize the molecular-level interactions between influenza virus and host cell receptors.
  • To elucidate the dynamic nature of hemagglutinin-receptor binding and unbinding events.

Main Methods:

  • Single-molecule force spectroscopy using optical tweezers and atomic force microscopy.
  • Molecular dynamics simulations to model unbinding pathways.

Main Results:

  • Single-molecule experiments revealed very low interaction forces between influenza virus and host cells.
  • Sequential unbinding events observed, supporting a multivalent binding model.
  • Molecular dynamics simulations identified diverse unbinding pathways, highlighting dynamic HA-receptor interactions.

Conclusions:

  • Influenza virus-host cell attachment is a dynamic process governed by multivalent interactions.
  • Advanced biophysical and computational methods provide quantitative insights into viral binding mechanisms.