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Updated: May 19, 2026

A Bedside, Single Burr Hole Approach to Multimodality Monitoring in Severe Brain Injury
Published on: March 26, 2019
Monitoring and intraoperative management of elevated intracranial pressure and decompressive craniectomy
Shih-Shan Lang1, W Andrew Kofke, Michael F Stiefel
1Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. shihshan.lang@uphs.upenn.edu
Abstract:
Elevated intracranial pressure can be caused by a variety of underlying conditions. Several physiologic and pharmacologic factors have a significant impact on intracranial hypertension, mostly caused by changes on cerebral blood volume, flow, and oxygenation. There are many therapies that can be used to decrease intracranial pressure ranging from pharmacologic to the surgical decompressive removal of the calvarium. Special consideration is made for the anesthetic management of these patients perioperatively.
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