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Instrumentation Amplifier

Instrumentation Amplifier

An electrocardiography (ECG) machine is an essential piece of medical equipment used to monitor the electrical activity of the heart. It operates by detecting small electrical changes on the skin that result from the depolarization of the heart muscle during each heartbeat. However, these signals are in the microvolt range and can be easily overwhelmed by noise or interference.
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A sound engineer at a music company recently encountered a problem. The output from their newly acquired studio's vintage mixing console was too low for the requirements of modern recording equipment. To rectify this situation, the engineer decided to design an audio pre-amplifier using an operational amplifier (op-amp) to boost the signal level.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 19, 2026

Gain-compensation Methodology for a Sinusoidal Scan of a Galvanometer Mirror in Proportional-Integral-Differential Control Using Pre-emphasis Techniques

Gain-compensation Methodology for a Sinusoidal Scan of a Galvanometer Mirror in Proportional-Integral-Differential Control Using Pre-emphasis Techniques

Published on: April 4, 2017

Double-differential recording and AGC using microcontrolled variable gain ASIC.

Robert Rieger¹, Shin-Liang Deng

¹Electrical Engineering Department, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan. rrieger@mail.nsysu.edu.tw

IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering : a Publication of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society

|August 30, 2012

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a low-power wearable biopotential recording system using a double-differential (DD) setup and automatic gain control (AGC). It effectively suppresses interference and adapts gain for clearer ECG and EMG signals.

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Gain-compensation Methodology for a Sinusoidal Scan of a Galvanometer Mirror in Proportional-Integral-Differential Control Using Pre-emphasis Techniques

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Area of Science:

Biomedical Engineering
Wearable Technology
Signal Processing

Background:

Wearable biopotential recording demands efficient front-ends with high common-mode rejection (CMR) and adjustable gain.
Electrode interface impedance variations challenge signal acquisition quality.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a low-power wearable biopotential acquisition front-end with enhanced CMR and tunable gain.
To compensate for electrode impedance variations and suppress common-mode interference.

Main Methods:

A microcontroller-operated double-differential (DD) recording setup was implemented.
An automatic gain control (AGC) circuit utilizing custom ASICs was integrated.
Gain and balance were controlled via microcontroller-generated clock signals.

Main Results:

The DD setup demonstrated superior CMR compared to single-differential amplifiers, especially with input imbalance.
The AGC circuit provided effective gain control suitable for biopotential recording.
The system achieved practical power-line rejection for wearable ECG and EMG applications.
The prototype front-end consumed only 318 μW.

Conclusions:

The developed system offers a robust solution for low-power wearable biopotential recording.
The combination of DD configuration and AGC effectively addresses challenges in signal acquisition.
This technology is suitable for improving the quality of wearable ECG and EMG monitoring.