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Related Concept Videos

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...
Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...

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Mixed Reality Assisted Radical Endoscopic Thyroidectomy
08:06

Mixed Reality Assisted Radical Endoscopic Thyroidectomy

Published on: January 31, 2025

Altered thyroid function in severely injured patients.

Elena Grill1, Michelle Strong, Seema S Sonnad

  • 1Division of Traumatology, Surgical Critical Care, and Emergency Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.

The Journal of Surgical Research
|October 10, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Massive resuscitation in trauma patients significantly lowers thyroid hormone levels, particularly T4. Low initial T4 predicts greater fluid resuscitation needs in hemorrhagic shock patients.

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Intra-Operative Neural Monitoring of Thyroid Surgery in a Porcine Model
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Intra-Operative Neural Monitoring of Thyroid Surgery in a Porcine Model
08:16

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Published on: February 11, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Trauma and Emergency Medicine
  • Endocrinology
  • Critical Care

Background:

  • Hemorrhagic shock significantly alters the neuroendocrine profile of trauma patients.
  • Massive resuscitation efforts may negatively impact thyroid function in these patients.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of massive resuscitation on thyroid function in hypotensive trauma patients.
  • To determine if initial thyroid function levels predict resuscitation needs.

Main Methods:

  • Prospective, observational study of hypotensive trauma patients surviving >48 hours.
  • Thyroid function (T4, T3, TSH) measured serially for 48 hours post-trauma.
  • Comparison between patients receiving >5 units packed red blood cells (PRBC) vs. ≤5 units within 12 hours.

Main Results:

  • Patients requiring >5 units PRBC/12h had significantly lower initial and sustained T4 levels.
  • Triiodothyronine (T3) was suppressed in all patients, but more so in those needing >5 units PRBC.
  • Lower initial T4 levels correlated with increased crystalloid resuscitation within 24 hours. TSH remained normal.

Conclusions:

  • Thyroid function is significantly altered upon presentation in severely injured patients.
  • Low initial T4 levels predict the need for extensive resuscitation.
  • Further research on thyroid function during trauma resuscitation and recovery is warranted.