Related Experiment Video
Updated: May 17, 2026

06:53
Photoelectron Imaging of Anions Illustrated by 310 Nm Detachment of F−
Published on: July 27, 2018
≃10 eV ionization shift in Ir Kα2 from a near-coincident Lu K-edge
N R Pereira1, B V Weber, D Phipps
1Ecopulse, Inc, P.O. Box 528, Springfield, Virginia 22150, USA. ninorpereira@gmail.com
The Review of Scientific Instruments
|November 7, 2012
Summary
Researchers used a lutetium filter to measure iridium K-line energy shifts in plasma. A small energy shift indicated a plasma ionization shift of approximately 10 eV.
Area of Science:
- Atomic Physics
- Plasma Physics
- X-ray Spectroscopy
Background:
- X-ray transmission through filters is highly sensitive to photon energy near the filter's K-edge.
- Specific atom pairs exhibit K-edges and K-line energies with small energy differences, enabling sensitive measurements.
- Lutetium's K-edge is approximately 27 eV above iridium's Kα(2) line energy (63.287 keV for cold Ir).
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate the potential of using a lutetium filter to detect energy shifts in iridium K-lines emitted from plasma.
- To quantify the ionization shift of iridium in a plasma environment by measuring the change in X-ray intensity.
Main Methods:
- Utilized a lutetium (Lu) filter positioned to interact with X-rays emitted from an iridium (Ir) plasma.
- Measured the intensity reduction of the iridium Kα(2) line passing through the Lu filter.
- Calculated the energy shift (Δε) based on the observed intensity change and the known energy difference between the Ir Kα(2) line and the Lu K-edge.
Main Results:
- A lutetium filter reduced the intensity of the iridium Kα(2) line by approximately 10% when emitted from plasma.
- This intensity reduction corresponds to an ionization shift (Δε) of approximately 10 ± 1 eV for iridium in the plasma.
Conclusions:
- A lutetium filter is effective in detecting small energy shifts of iridium K-lines caused by plasma ionization.
- The method provides a sensitive diagnostic tool for measuring plasma ionization shifts in the order of 10 eV.
Related Concept Videos
Ionization Energy
The amount of energy required to remove the most loosely bound electron from a gaseous atom in its ground state is called its first ionization energy (IE1). The first ionization energy for an element, X, is the energy required to form a cation with 1+ charge:
IR Absorption Frequency: Delocalization
Electron delocalization refers to the distribution of electrons across multiple atoms within a molecule rather than being confined to a single atom or bond. This phenomenon is common in systems with conjugated bonds—structures where alternating single and double bonds allow π-electrons to move freely across the network. The movement of electrons stabilizes the molecule and can affect various chemical properties, including vibrational frequencies observed in IR spectroscopy.
In IR spectroscopy,...
In IR spectroscopy,...
IR Spectrum Peak Intensity: Dipole Moment
The dipole moment of a bond is the product of the partial charge on either atom and the distance between them. Dipole moments influence the efficiency of IR absorption and the peak intensity. When a bond with a dipole moment is placed in an electric field, the direction of the field determines if the bond is compressed or stretched. Electromagnetic radiation consists of an electric field component that rapidly reverses direction. It follows that polar bonds are alternately stretched and...
IR Absorption Frequency: Hybridization
Hydrocarbons such as alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes show characteristic C–H stretching absorption bands. These IR stretching frequencies depend on the hybridization of the involved carbon atom and can be explained in terms of the s character of each hybridized atomic orbital.
Among the sp, sp2, and sp3 hybridized orbitals, sp orbitals have the maximum s character (50%). Consequently, the electrons are held more closely to the nucleus, resulting in stronger and shorter C–H bonds that stretch at a...
Among the sp, sp2, and sp3 hybridized orbitals, sp orbitals have the maximum s character (50%). Consequently, the electrons are held more closely to the nucleus, resulting in stronger and shorter C–H bonds that stretch at a...
IR Spectrometers
There are two main infrared (IR) spectrophotometers: dispersive IR spectrometers and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers. In a dispersive IR spectrometer, a beam of infrared radiation produced by a hot wire is divided into two parallel equal-intensity beams using mirrors. One beam passes through the sample, while another is a reference beam. The beams then move through the monochromator, which separates the radiations into a continuous spectrum of different frequencies. The...
Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy: Overview
When electromagnetic radiation passes through a material, atoms or molecules transition from a lower to a higher energy state by absorbing radiation corresponding to the energy difference between the two states. The absorption of infrared (IR) radiation causes transitions between vibrational energy levels in a molecule. Therefore, IR spectroscopy is a useful analytical tool for determining the molecular structure of molecules.
Different compounds display unique properties due to their...
Different compounds display unique properties due to their...

