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Related Concept Videos

DNA Topoisomerases02:02

DNA Topoisomerases

Topoisomerases are enzymes that relax overwound DNA molecules during various cell processes, including DNA replication and transcription. These enzymes regulate positive and negative DNA supercoiling without changing the nucleotide sequence. DNA overwinding in a clockwise direction results in positively supercoiled DNA, whereas underwinding in a counterclockwise direction produces negatively supercoiled DNA.
Types and Mechanism of action
Topoisomerases are divided into two main types.  Type I...
Single-Strand DNA Binding Proteins01:03

Single-Strand DNA Binding Proteins

For successful DNA replication, the unwinding of double-stranded DNA must be accompanied by stabilization and protection of the separated single strands of the DNA. This crucial task is performed by single-strand DNA-binding (SSB) proteins. They bind to the DNA in a sequence-independent manner, which means that the nitrogenous bases of the DNA need not be present in a specific order for binding of SSB proteins to it. The binding of SSB proteins straightens single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) and makes...
The DNA Helix01:07

The DNA Helix

Deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA, is the genetic material responsible for passing traits from generation to generation in all organisms and most viruses. DNA is composed of two strands of nucleotides that wind around each other to form a spring-like structure called a double helix. However, the double helix is not perfectly symmetrical. Instead, there are regularly occurring grooves in the structure. The major groove occurs where the sugar-phosphate backbones are relatively far apart. This space...
The DNA Helix01:16

The DNA Helix

Overview
Homologous Recombination02:31

Homologous Recombination

The basic reaction of homologous recombination (HR) involves two chromatids that contain DNA sequences sharing a significant stretch of identity. One of these sequences uses a strand from another as a template to synthesize DNA in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. The final product is a novel amalgamation of the two substrates. To ensure an accurate recombination of sequences, HR is restricted to the S and G2 phases of the cell cycle. At these stages, the DNA has been replicated already and the...
The DNA Replication Fork01:02

The DNA Replication Fork

An organism’s genome needs to be duplicated in an efficient and error-free manner for its growth and survival. The replication fork is a Y-shaped active region where two strands of DNA are separated and replicated continuously. The coupling of DNA unzipping and complementary strand synthesis is a characteristic feature of a replication fork.   Organisms with small circular DNA, such as E. coli, often have a single origin of replication; therefore, they have only two replication forks, one in...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 16, 2026

Studying DNA Looping by Single-Molecule FRET
11:27

Studying DNA Looping by Single-Molecule FRET

Published on: June 28, 2014

Topological interaction by entangled DNA loops.

Lang Feng1, Ruojie Sha, Nadrian C Seeman

  • 1Center for Soft Matter Research, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA.

Physical Review Letters
|December 11, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers discovered a new particle interaction via DNA strand entanglement. This topological interaction enables non-equilibrium assembly and novel material properties.

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Stable DNA Motifs, 1D and 2D Nanostructures Constructed from Small Circular DNA Molecules
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Stable DNA Motifs, 1D and 2D Nanostructures Constructed from Small Circular DNA Molecules

Published on: April 12, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 16, 2026

Studying DNA Looping by Single-Molecule FRET
11:27

Studying DNA Looping by Single-Molecule FRET

Published on: June 28, 2014

Stable DNA Motifs, 1D and 2D Nanostructures Constructed from Small Circular DNA Molecules
09:32

Stable DNA Motifs, 1D and 2D Nanostructures Constructed from Small Circular DNA Molecules

Published on: April 12, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Nanotechnology
  • Materials Science
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Conventional interparticle interactions are typically governed by thermodynamics.
  • Controlling particle assembly at the nanoscale is crucial for developing advanced materials.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discover and characterize a novel, non-thermodynamic interaction between micro- or nanoscale particles.
  • To explore the potential of this interaction for creating novel materials and phenomena.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing self-complementary DNA single strands on particle surfaces to form hybridizing loops.
  • Employing catenation of these DNA loops between proximal particles to induce interaction.
  • Investigating control mechanisms including forces, temperature, light-sensitive cross-linking, and enzymatic unwinding.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated a new topological interaction based on DNA loop catenation between particles.
  • Showcased that this interaction is history and protocol dependent, enabling non-equilibrium assembly.
  • Identified multiple methods for controlling the topological links and particle interactions.

Conclusions:

  • This novel topological interaction offers a new paradigm for particle assembly beyond traditional thermodynamic forces.
  • Potential applications include creating unique material structures like "necklaces" of particles and specialized colloidal gels.