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Related Concept Videos

Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction01:17

Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction

A hemorrhagic stroke is an acute neurological event that occurs when a weakened cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to accumulate within or around the brain. The sudden release of blood forms a focal hematoma that increases intracranial pressure, displaces neural tissue, and can obstruct cerebrospinal fluid pathways. These effects may be compounded by intraventricular extension of the hemorrhage, cerebral edema, or compression of adjacent structures, all of which contribute to...
Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology01:29

Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

A hemorrhagic stroke develops when a cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to escape into the surrounding brain tissue, as in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), or into the subarachnoid space, as in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Because the skull is a rigid compartment, the sudden presence of extravascular blood rapidly increases intracranial pressure and compresses adjacent neural structures, leading to immediate tissue injury and impaired cerebral perfusion.Mass Effect and Primary...
Esophageal Varices-I: Introduction01:24

Esophageal Varices-I: Introduction

Esophageal varices are dilated, tortuous veins which are found mainly in the submucosa of the lower esophagus but which may also appear higher up or extend into the stomach. They develop due to increased pressure in the portal venous system, often as a result of liver cirrhosis. This condition scars and damages the liver, impeding normal blood flow through the portal vein. To compensate, blood seeks alternative pathways, forming fragile new vessels (varices) in the esophagus and stomach. These...
Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology01:22

Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology

Vasogenic edema is a major form of cerebral edema characterized by abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain’s extracellular space due to disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is a specialized structure composed of endothelial cells connected by tight junctions, supported by astrocytic endfeet and a basement membrane. Under normal conditions, it tightly regulates the movement of ions, proteins, and solutes between the bloodstream and brain parenchyma. When this barrier loses...
Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction01:14

Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction

Intracranial hypertension is a sustained elevation of intracranial pressure (ICP) above 22 mm Hg. In supine adults, normal ICP is ~7–15 mm Hg.The rigid, nonexpandable cranium contains three components—brain tissue, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)—that total ~1,700 mL in a typical adult: 1,400 mL brain (~80%), 150 mL blood (~10%), and 150 mL CSF (~10%). According to the Monro–Kellie doctrine, total intracranial volume is effectively fixed. When one component expands, CSF and venous blood...
Disorders of Hemostasis01:24

Disorders of Hemostasis

Hemostasis, the process that stops bleeding after a blood vessel injury, is crucial for maintaining the integrity of the circulatory system. However, disorders of hemostasis can disrupt this delicate balance, leading to either excessive clotting or bleeding. These disorders can be broadly classified into thromboembolic disorders and bleeding disorders.
Thromboembolic Disorders
Two factors primarily cause thromboembolic conditions.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 15, 2026

Induction and Micro-CT Imaging of Cerebral Cavernous Malformations in Mouse Model
05:12

Induction and Micro-CT Imaging of Cerebral Cavernous Malformations in Mouse Model

Published on: September 4, 2017

Cavernous malformations and hemorrhage risk.

Douglas Kondziolka1, Edward A Monaco, L Dade Lunsford

  • 1Department of Neurological Surgery and Center for Image-Guided Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. kondziolkads@upmc.edu

Progress in Neurological Surgery
|December 22, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cavernous malformations (CMs) of the brain have varied presentations. Prior hemorrhage is the key risk factor for future bleeding in patients with CMs, with higher annual rates in those with a history of hemorrhage.

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Last Updated: May 15, 2026

Induction and Micro-CT Imaging of Cerebral Cavernous Malformations in Mouse Model
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Published on: September 4, 2017

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Neurosurgery
  • Radiology

Background:

  • Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has advanced the understanding of brain cavernous malformations (CMs).
  • CMs exhibit diverse clinical manifestations, often influenced by their location.
  • Brainstem cavernous malformations with hemorrhage present significant surgical challenges due to high morbidity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the natural history of cavernous malformations.
  • To identify risk factors for hemorrhage in patients with CMs.

Main Methods:

  • Prospective analysis of patients referred for CM management.
  • Mean follow-up duration of 34 months.
  • Documentation of subsequent hemorrhage events.

Main Results:

  • Nine hemorrhages occurred during the follow-up period.
  • A history of prior hemorrhage was the most significant predictor of subsequent hemorrhage.
  • The annual hemorrhage rate was 0.6% for patients without prior symptomatic hemorrhage.
  • Patients with a history of prior hemorrhage had a significantly higher annual hemorrhage rate of 4.5%.

Conclusions:

  • Prior symptomatic hemorrhage is a critical risk factor for future bleeding in cavernous malformations.
  • The annual risk of hemorrhage is substantially elevated in patients with a history of prior hemorrhage.