[Iodine and thyroid gland with or without nuclear catastrophe]

Area of Science:

• Endocrinology and Metabolism
• Trace Element Nutrition
• Public Health

Context:

• Iodine is a critical trace element for thyroid hormone synthesis (thyroxine and triiodothyronine).
• Iodine deficiency is a leading cause of preventable intellectual disability and developmental disorders globally.
• Both insufficient and excessive iodine intake pose significant health risks, including hypothyroidism, goiter, and autoimmune thyroid diseases.

Purpose:

• To clarify prevention strategies for iodine-related thyroid disorders.
• To review the World Health Organization's recommendations on iodine intake and management.
• To highlight the impact of iodine metabolism on thyroid health and public well-being.

Summary:

• Optimal thyroid function requires adequate iodine intake; deficiency impairs cognitive development and growth.
• Excessive iodine can trigger autoimmune thyroid disease and dysfunction.
• Radioactive iodine exposure, particularly in children, significantly increases thyroid cancer risk following nuclear catastrophes.

Impact:

• Understanding iodine's role is crucial for preventing widespread developmental issues and thyroid pathologies.
• Effective iodine management strategies are vital for public health, especially in vulnerable populations.
• This review provides insights into mitigating risks associated with iodine imbalance and radioactive contamination.