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Related Concept Videos

Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics01:29

Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics

Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.
Vaccinations01:51

Vaccinations

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Vaccine Production01:23

Vaccine Production

Vaccine production involves a sequence of upstream and downstream processes to generate a safe and effective immunological product. It begins with cultivating microorganisms, such as viruses or bacteria, to obtain antigenic material. For viral vaccines, mammalian host cells are grown in bioreactors and subsequently infected with the target virus. The virus replicates within the host cells, which are lysed to release viral particles. This lysate is then clarified through filtration or...
Vaccines01:21

Vaccines

Vaccines are among the most effective tools in preventive medicine, designed to prepare the immune system to recognize and combat infectious agents. By introducing antigens—substances that the immune system identifies as foreign—vaccines stimulate an adaptive immune response that leads to immunological memory. This immunological memory enables the body to mount a faster and more effective response upon future exposures to the actual pathogen.Vaccines can be categorized based on the type of...
Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens01:31

Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens

The human immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against bacterial infections. It consists of various immune cells, each playing a specific role in the defense mechanism.
Phagocytes
Phagocytes are the frontline soldiers of the immune system. They include neutrophils and macrophages. Neutrophils are the most abundant type of white blood cell and are quickly mobilized to the site of infection. Macrophages are larger cells that patrol...
Development of Immunocompetence01:22

Development of Immunocompetence

The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
The initial cells that migrate from the fetal thymus settle within the skin and epithelial tissues lining the mouth, digestive tract, and in females, the uterus and vagina. These cells, including skin-based dendritic cells, serve as antigen-presenting cells, playing a key role in T cell activation.
Subsequent T...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 14, 2026

Opsono-Adherence Assay to Evaluate Functional Antibodies in Vaccine Development Against Bacillus anthracis and Other Encapsulated Pathogens
13:47

Opsono-Adherence Assay to Evaluate Functional Antibodies in Vaccine Development Against Bacillus anthracis and Other Encapsulated Pathogens

Published on: May 19, 2020

Current biodefense vaccine programs and challenges.

Daniel N Wolfe1, William Florence, Paula Bryant

  • 1Defense Threat Reduction Agency; J9-Chemical and Biological Technologies Department; Translational Medical Division; Fort Belvoir, VA USA.

Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics
|February 23, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The Joint Science and Technology Office (JSTO) advances biodefense through its Vaccine program, developing novel vaccines and technologies to counter evolving biological threats for military and civilian protection.

Keywords:
BiodefensePathogenVaccinealphavirusanthraxfilovirusglandersmelioidosisricintularemia

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Evaluation of Host-Pathogen Responses and Vaccine Efficacy in Mice
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Evaluation of Host-Pathogen Responses and Vaccine Efficacy in Mice

Published on: February 22, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Biodefense
  • Vaccinology
  • Translational Medicine

Background:

  • The Defense Threat Reduction Agency's Joint Science and Technology Office (JSTO) manages the Chemical and Biological Defense Program.
  • JSTO's mission is to invest in innovative solutions and technologies to outpace biological threats.
  • The Vaccine program is a key component of JSTO's Translational Medical Division.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe candidate vaccines within the JSTO Science and Technology (S&T) pipeline.
  • To highlight enabling technologies for advancing vaccine candidates towards FDA licensure.
  • To discuss the impact of the evolving biological threat landscape on future biodefense vaccines.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current vaccine candidates in the JSTO S&T pipeline.
  • Assessment of technologies facilitating vaccine development and licensure.
  • Analysis of the dynamic biological threat landscape and its influence on biodefense strategies.

Main Results:

  • Identification of specific candidate vaccines under development.
  • Characterization of key technologies supporting vaccine advancement.
  • Evaluation of the influence of emerging threats on vaccine research priorities.

Conclusions:

  • JSTO's Vaccine program is crucial for developing advanced biodefense solutions.
  • Enabling technologies are vital for accelerating vaccine development and FDA approval.
  • Adapting to the changing biological threat landscape is essential for future vaccine efficacy.