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Related Concept Videos

Scanning Electron Microscopy01:07

Scanning Electron Microscopy

A scanning electron microscope (SEM) is used to study the surface features of a sample by using an electron beam that scans the sample surface in a two-dimensional manner. Typically, areas between ~1 centimeter to 5 micrometers in width can be imaged. SEM can be used to image bacteria, viruses, tissues as well as larger samples like insects. Conventional SEM gives a magnification ranging from 20X to 30,000X and spatial resolution of 50 to 100 nanometers.
Fundamental Principles
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NMR Spectrometers: Radiofrequency Pulses and Pulse Sequences01:17

NMR Spectrometers: Radiofrequency Pulses and Pulse Sequences

A pulse is a short burst of radio waves distributed over a range of frequencies that simultaneously excites all the nuclei in the sample. Upon passing a radio frequency pulse along the x-axis, the nuclei absorb energy corresponding to their Larmor frequencies and achieve resonance. This shifts the net magnetization vector from the z-axis toward the transverse plane. This angle of rotation of the magnetization vector, or the flip angle, is proportional to the duration and intensity of the pulse.
NMR Spectrometers: Resolution and Error Correction01:14

NMR Spectrometers: Resolution and Error Correction

When magnetic nuclei in a sample achieve resonance and undergo relaxation, the signal detected in NMR is an approximately exponential free induction decay. Fourier transform of an exponential decay yields a Lorentzian peak in the frequency domain. Lorentzian peaks in an NMR spectrum are defined by their amplitude, full width at half maximum, and position, where the peak width is governed by the spin-spin relaxation time alone. In real experiments, however, the applied magnetic field is rendered...
Atomic Nuclei: Magnetic Resonance01:05

Atomic Nuclei: Magnetic Resonance

The number of nuclear spins aligned in the lower energy state is slightly greater than those in the higher energy state. In the presence of an external magnetic field, as the spins precess at the Larmor frequency, the excess population results in a net magnetization oriented along the z axis. When a pulse or a short burst of radio waves at the Larmor frequency is applied along the x axis, the coupling of frequencies causes resonance and flips the nuclear spins of the excess population from the...
Double Resonance Techniques: Overview01:12

Double Resonance Techniques: Overview

Double resonance techniques in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy involve the simultaneous application of two different frequencies or radiofrequency pulses to manipulate and observe two distinct nuclear spins. One important application of double resonance is spin decoupling, which selectively suppresses coupling with one type of nucleus while observing the NMR signal from another nucleus, simplifying the spectrum and enhancing resolution.
Spin decoupling is usually achieved by...
Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) Spectroscopy: Organic Radicals01:17

Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) Spectroscopy: Organic Radicals

Ideally, an unpaired electron shows a single peak in the EPR spectrum due to the transition between the two spin energy states. However, coupling interactions can occur between the spins of the unpaired electron and any neighboring spin-active nuclei. This hyperfine coupling results in hyperfine splitting, where the EPR signal is split into multiplets. The signals split into 2nI + 1 peaks, where n is the number of equivalent nuclei and I is the nuclear spin. These splitting patterns provide...

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Updated: May 13, 2026

Rapid Scan Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Opens New Avenues for Imaging Physiologically Important Parameters In Vivo
08:01

Rapid Scan Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Opens New Avenues for Imaging Physiologically Important Parameters In Vivo

Published on: September 26, 2016

Uniform spinning sampling gradient electron paramagnetic resonance imaging.

David H Johnson1, Rizwan Ahmad, Yangping Liu

  • 1Center for Biomedical EPR Spectroscopy and Imaging, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA.

Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
|March 12, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new uniform spinning sampling (USS) method enhances electron paramagnetic resonance imaging (EPRI) quality and speed. USS provides superior signal-to-noise ratio and fewer artifacts compared to existing methods.

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Last Updated: May 13, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging
  • Biophysical Techniques

Background:

  • Electron paramagnetic resonance imaging (EPRI) is crucial for biological studies.
  • Current EPRI acquisition methods face limitations in speed and image quality.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To enhance EPRI acquisition quality and speed.
  • To develop a novel acquisition strategy combining uniform sampling with spinning gradients.

Main Methods:

  • A uniform spinning sampling (USS) distribution was developed and compared to equilinear spinning sampling (ESS).
  • Novel artifact correction techniques were implemented for magnetic gradient waveforms.
  • Simulations and experimental data were used to evaluate the methods.

Main Results:

  • USS demonstrated a more efficient projection distribution than ESS, reducing wasted acquisition time.
  • Artifact corrections successfully reduced noise and inter-projection correlation.
  • USS images exhibited significantly higher signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and lower mean-squared error than ESS images.
  • USS image quality was independent of magnetic gradient orientation, unlike ESS.

Conclusions:

  • A novel USS acquisition strategy for EPRI was successfully developed.
  • USS offers improved SNR and reduced artifacts, surpassing previous EPRI methods.
  • This advancement holds potential for faster and higher-quality EPR imaging in biological applications.