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Related Concept Videos

Development of Immunocompetence01:22

Development of Immunocompetence

The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
The initial cells that migrate from the fetal thymus settle within the skin and epithelial tissues lining the mouth, digestive tract, and in females, the uterus and vagina. These cells, including skin-based dendritic cells, serve as antigen-presenting cells, playing a key role in T cell activation.
Subsequent T...
Development of Human Microbiota01:30

Development of Human Microbiota

The human microbiota begins developing at birth and undergoes continual change as we age. Infancy marks a critical period of microbial sensitivity, offering a “window of opportunity” during which beneficial microbes help mature the immune system. By age three, children typically develop a more stable and diverse microbial community. Newborns acquire microbes from their immediate environment; vaginal delivery favors maternal vaginal microbes, while cesarean births favor microbes from the skin...
Transcytosis of IgG01:15

Transcytosis of IgG

Transcytosis is the process in which molecules are internalized by endocytosis, transported across the cell, and released through exocytosis from the opposite end of the cell. Molecules such as insulin, immunoglobulins, and certain nutrients are transferred through the recycling endosomes by recycling and transcytosis.
IgG molecules from a mother undergo transcytosis starting around 13 weeks of gestation. The amount of IgG transferred and entering the fetal blood circulation increases with...
Development of the Oral Microbiota01:28

Development of the Oral Microbiota

The establishment of the oral microbiome begins before birth, challenging the long-held belief that the fetal oral cavity is sterile. The presence of oral microbes such as Streptococcus and Fusobacterium in amniotic fluid suggests that microbial exposure may occur in utero, potentially through translocation from the maternal oral or gastrointestinal tract. This early colonization primes the neonatal immune system and sets the stage for subsequent microbial succession. Maternal health,...
Vaccinations01:51

Vaccinations

Overview
Pneumonia V: Nursing management and Prevention01:30

Pneumonia V: Nursing management and Prevention

Nursing management of pneumonia involves promoting airway patency, facilitating rest and conserving energy, encouraging fluid intake, maintaining nutrition, and educating patients.
The nurse must practice strict medical asepsis and adhere to infection control guidelines to minimize healthcare-associated infections.
Enhance airway patency
Position the patient correctly to facilitate drainage of the affected lung segments. Manual or mechanical percussion and vibration can also be employed.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 13, 2026

Intranasal Immunization and Milk Collection in Studies of Maternal Immunization in New Zealand White Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)
13:00

Intranasal Immunization and Milk Collection in Studies of Maternal Immunization in New Zealand White Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

Published on: July 31, 2021

Maternal immunization as a strategy to decrease susceptibility to infection in newborn infants.

Benjamin Lindsey1, Beate Kampmann, Christine Jones

  • 1Academic Department of Paediatrics, Imperial College London, London, UK.

Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases
|March 20, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Maternal vaccines like tetanus, influenza, and pertussis protect newborns from infections. Research is ongoing for new vaccines, such as for group B Streptococcus and respiratory syncytial virus, to further safeguard infants.

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Generating a Reproducible Model of Mid-Gestational Maternal Immune Activation using Poly(I:C) to Study Susceptibility and Resilience in Offspring
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Induction of Maternal Immune Activation in Mice at Mid-gestation Stage with Viral Mimic Poly(I:C)
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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 13, 2026

Intranasal Immunization and Milk Collection in Studies of Maternal Immunization in New Zealand White Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)
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Intranasal Immunization and Milk Collection in Studies of Maternal Immunization in New Zealand White Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

Published on: July 31, 2021

Generating a Reproducible Model of Mid-Gestational Maternal Immune Activation using Poly(I:C) to Study Susceptibility and Resilience in Offspring
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Generating a Reproducible Model of Mid-Gestational Maternal Immune Activation using Poly(I:C) to Study Susceptibility and Resilience in Offspring

Published on: August 17, 2022

Induction of Maternal Immune Activation in Mice at Mid-gestation Stage with Viral Mimic Poly(I:C)
07:13

Induction of Maternal Immune Activation in Mice at Mid-gestation Stage with Viral Mimic Poly(I:C)

Published on: March 25, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Maternal and Child Health
  • Vaccinology

Background:

  • Maternal vaccination has proven successful for tetanus prevention.
  • Recent studies demonstrate that other vaccines administered during pregnancy can shield infants from vaccine-preventable diseases.
  • This review synthesizes recent advancements in maternal immunization and their implications for clinical practice.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent developments in maternal vaccination beyond tetanus.
  • To highlight the impact of these advancements on current clinical practice.
  • To discuss the protective mechanisms and efficacy of maternal vaccines.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on maternal immunization.
  • Analysis of vaccine-induced IgG transfer across the placenta.
  • Examination of safety data for newly recommended maternal vaccines.

Main Results:

  • Maternal immunization confers protection to newborns via transplacental transfer of vaccine-induced IgG.
  • Safety and efficacy of maternal influenza and pertussis vaccines are supported by recent studies and are recommended in the UK and US.
  • Several new maternal vaccines are under development to address neonatal infections, with research also identifying barriers to current vaccine uptake.

Conclusions:

  • Tetanus, influenza, and pertussis vaccines are recommended during pregnancy.
  • New vaccines targeting group B Streptococcus and respiratory syncytial virus are in development for future neonatal infection prevention.
  • Understanding IgG transfer and addressing uptake barriers are crucial for maximizing the benefits of maternal immunization.