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Updated: May 11, 2026

Swimming Exercise Protocol and Care Methods for Pregnant Rats

Swimming Exercise Protocol and Care Methods for Pregnant Rats

Published on: April 5, 2024

Swimming pool use and birth defect risk.

A J Agopian¹, Philip J Lupo, Mark A Canfield

¹Division of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, Human Genetics Center, University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, TX, USA.

American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology

|May 1, 2013

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Maternal swimming pool use during early pregnancy showed no significant association with increased risk for most birth defects. However, frequent pool use was linked to a reduced risk of spina bifida.

Keywords:

Texas birth defects gastroschisis pregnancy swimming pool

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Area of Science:

Environmental Health
Reproductive Health
Teratology

Background:

Swimming is a recommended exercise during pregnancy.
Concerns exist regarding water-borne pathogens and disinfection byproducts in swimming pools, potentially increasing birth defect risks.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the association between maternal swimming pool use in early pregnancy and the risk of specific birth defects in offspring.

Main Methods:

The study analyzed data from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study (2000-2006).
Nonsyndromic birth defect cases (16 types) and controls were assessed for swimming pool use (any vs. frequent) before and during early pregnancy.
Logistic regression analyses were performed, adjusting for multiple potential confounders.

Main Results:

No significant positive association was found between any or frequent swimming pool use and the studied birth defects.
Frequent pool use showed a significant negative association with spina bifida.
A non-significant positive association was observed between pool use and gastroschisis in women aged 20 and older.

Conclusions:

The findings suggest minimal evidence of teratogenic effects from swimming pool use during pregnancy.
These results are reassuring for pregnant individuals who engage in swimming as a form of exercise.