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Related Concept Videos

The Cochlea01:13

The Cochlea

The cochlea is a coiled structure in the inner ear that contains hair cells—the sensory receptors of the auditory system. Sound waves are transmitted to the cochlea by small bones attached to the eardrum called the ossicles, which vibrate the oval window that leads to the inner ear. This causes fluid in the chambers of the cochlea to move, vibrating the basilar membrane.
Anatomy of the Ear01:16

Anatomy of the Ear

Auditory sensation, commonly called hearing, involves the transformation of sonic waves into neural impulses facilitated by the structures of the auditory organ. The prominent, flesh-like structure on the side of the head, called the auricle, directs sound waves towards the auditory canal. The auricle is often mislabeled as the pinna, a term more aligned with mobile structures like a feline's external ear. The auditory canal penetrates the cranium via the external auditory meatus of the...
Hair Cells01:22

Hair Cells

Hair cells are the sensory receptors of the auditory system—they transduce mechanical sound waves into electrical energy that the nervous system can understand. Hair cells are located in the organ of Corti within the cochlea of the inner ear, between the basilar and tectorial membranes. The actual sensory receptors are called inner hair cells. The outer hair cells serve other functions, such as sound amplification in the cochlea, and are not discussed in detail here.
Sound as Pressure Waves01:17

Sound as Pressure Waves

Sound waves, which are longitudinal waves, can be modeled as the displacement amplitude varying as a function of the spatial and temporal coordinates. As a column of the medium is displaced, its successive columns are also displaced. As the successive displacements differ relatively, a pressure difference with the surrounding pressure is created. The gauge pressure varies across the medium.
The pressure fluctuation depends on the difference in displacements between the successive points in the...
Sound Waves: Interference00:53

Sound Waves: Interference

Sound waves can be modeled either as longitudinal waves, wherein the molecules of the medium oscillate around an equilibrium position, or as pressure waves. When two identical waves from the same source superimpose on each other, the combination of two crests or two troughs results in amplitude reinforcement known as constructive interference. If two identical waves, that are initially in phase, become out of phase because of different path lengths, the combination of crests with troughs...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 11, 2026

Enhancing Electrode Location Assessment in Cochlear Implantation via Computed Tomography Image Fusion
03:58

Enhancing Electrode Location Assessment in Cochlear Implantation via Computed Tomography Image Fusion

Published on: January 17, 2025

Modelling the distortion produced by cochlear compression.

Roy D Patterson1, D Timothy Ives, Thomas C Walters

  • 1Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. rdp1@cam.ac.uk

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
|May 30, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A cascade of asymmetric resonators with fast-acting compression simulates basilar membrane filtering. This model helps study how distortion tones impact complex sound perception and cochlear processing.

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Area of Science:

  • Auditory Neuroscience
  • Acoustics
  • Signal Processing

Background:

  • The basilar membrane's filtering and cochlear processing exhibit fast-acting compression (FAC).
  • Cascade of simple asymmetric resonators (CAR) can model basilar membrane filtering.
  • Feedback networks can manipulate resonator gain to simulate FAC.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of compressive distortion in the perception of complex sounds.
  • To explore the utility of CAR-FAC systems in auditory research.
  • To determine how behavioral measurements can inform CAR-FAC system parameter tuning.

Main Methods:

  • Simulating basilar membrane filtering using a cascade of asymmetric resonators (CAR).
  • Implementing fast-acting compression (FAC) through resonator gain manipulation via feedback networks.
  • Analyzing the generation and propagation of quadratic and cubic distortion tones (DTs) in complex tones within the CAR-FAC system.

Main Results:

  • CAR-FAC systems successfully simulate basilar membrane filtering and cochlear compression.
  • Complex tones generate distortion tones (DTs) that propagate along the simulated basilar membrane.
  • Distortion tones combine additively with primary components at specific locations.

Conclusions:

  • CAR-FAC systems offer a valuable tool for studying compressive distortion in auditory perception.
  • Behavioral data on cochlear distortion can be used to refine CAR-FAC model parameters.
  • This approach aids in understanding the complex interplay of sound components in the cochlea.