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Related Concept Videos

Pulmonary Hypertension: Classification and Pathogenesis01:30

Pulmonary Hypertension: Classification and Pathogenesis

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a severe health condition in which the mean pulmonary arterial pressure increases to 25 mmHg or more, even when the body is at rest. This high pressure in the blood vessels that transport blood from the heart to the lungs can cause various symptoms, including shortness of breath, can lead to right heart failure, and significantly affect the overall quality of life.
There are various classifications for PH, each relating to different underlying causes and also...
Pulmonary Embolism I: Introduction01:29

Pulmonary Embolism I: Introduction

Pulmonary embolism (PE) occurs when a thrombus, fat or air embolus, amniotic fluid, or tumor tissue blocks one or more pulmonary arteries. These blockages originate in the venous system or the right side of the heart.EtiologyPE primarily arises from deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and other hypercoagulable states, such as inherited thrombophilias. Additional etiological factors include venous stasis, commonly seen in obesity, and endothelial injury from surgery and trauma. Less common causes include...
Pulmonary Embolism I: Introduction01:19

Pulmonary Embolism I: Introduction

A blood clot, or thrombus, is a semi-solid mass composed of fibrin, platelets, and red blood cells. When it forms within a vessel, it can obstruct blood flow, known as thrombosis. If part of the clot detaches, it becomes an embolus that can travel and block distant vessels. When this occurs in the pulmonary arteries, it causes a condition known as pulmonary embolism (PE).Origin and ImpactMost often, the embolus originates from a thrombus in the deep veins of the lower limbs, a condition called...
Other Pulmonary Disorders01:17

Other Pulmonary Disorders

Respiratory disorders encompass a range of conditions with varying levels of severity. Asthma, marked by chronic airway inflammation and hypersensitivity, is one such condition. It can lead to airway obstruction due to factors like bronchial spasms, mucosal edema, increased mucus secretion, or epithelial damage. Asthma triggers are diverse, ranging from allergens to emotional upset, and treatment focuses on both immediate relief through bronchodilators and long-term inflammation suppression.
Pulmonary Edema II: Pathophysiology01:18

Pulmonary Edema II: Pathophysiology

Pulmonary edema is the accumulation of fluid in the interstitial and alveolar spaces of the lungs, impairing gas exchange and oxygen delivery. It may be cardiogenic or noncardiogenic, but both reduce oxygenation and lung compliance.Cardiogenic Pulmonary EdemaCardiogenic edema results from increased hydrostatic pressure in pulmonary capillaries, usually due to left ventricular dysfunction from myocardial infarction, heart failure, or valvular disease. Ineffective cardiac pumping causes blood to...
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-III: Symptoms and Complications.01:25

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-III: Symptoms and Complications.

Understanding the variety of primary symptoms and systemic complications that characterize chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is crucial for healthcare professionals.
Symptoms of COPD can be classified as primary or systemic. Primary symptoms relate to reduced airflow, while systemic or extrapulmonary symptoms relate to COPD's broader impact on the body.
Primary Symptoms of COPD:

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 10, 2026

Left Atrial Stenosis Induced Pulmonary Venous Arterialization and Group 2 Pulmonary Hypertension in Rat
08:34

Left Atrial Stenosis Induced Pulmonary Venous Arterialization and Group 2 Pulmonary Hypertension in Rat

Published on: November 18, 2018

Pulmonary vascular diseases.

C Mélot1, R Naeije

  • 1Department of Emergency Medicine, Erasme University Hospital, Brussels, Belgium. cmelot@ulb.orc.bc

Comprehensive Physiology
|June 6, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Pulmonary vascular diseases disrupt gas exchange, causing hypoxemia and hypocapnia through altered ventilation-perfusion ratios and increased dead space. Understanding these mechanisms is key for managing conditions like pulmonary hypertension and embolism.

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Increasing Pulmonary Artery Pulsatile Flow Improves Hypoxic Pulmonary Hypertension in Piglets
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Increasing Pulmonary Artery Pulsatile Flow Improves Hypoxic Pulmonary Hypertension in Piglets

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A Large Animal Model for Pulmonary Hypertension and Right Ventricular Failure: Left Pulmonary Artery Ligation and Progressive Main Pulmonary Artery Banding in Sheep
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A Large Animal Model for Pulmonary Hypertension and Right Ventricular Failure: Left Pulmonary Artery Ligation and Progressive Main Pulmonary Artery Banding in Sheep

Published on: July 15, 2021

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Last Updated: May 10, 2026

Left Atrial Stenosis Induced Pulmonary Venous Arterialization and Group 2 Pulmonary Hypertension in Rat
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Left Atrial Stenosis Induced Pulmonary Venous Arterialization and Group 2 Pulmonary Hypertension in Rat

Published on: November 18, 2018

Increasing Pulmonary Artery Pulsatile Flow Improves Hypoxic Pulmonary Hypertension in Piglets
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Increasing Pulmonary Artery Pulsatile Flow Improves Hypoxic Pulmonary Hypertension in Piglets

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A Large Animal Model for Pulmonary Hypertension and Right Ventricular Failure: Left Pulmonary Artery Ligation and Progressive Main Pulmonary Artery Banding in Sheep
07:02

A Large Animal Model for Pulmonary Hypertension and Right Ventricular Failure: Left Pulmonary Artery Ligation and Progressive Main Pulmonary Artery Banding in Sheep

Published on: July 15, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Cardiopulmonary Physiology
  • Vascular Medicine
  • Respiratory Medicine

Background:

  • Diseases affecting pulmonary vasculature alter pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR), impacting gas exchange.
  • Conditions range from increased PVR (pulmonary embolism, hypertension) to decreased PVR (pulmonary arteriovenous malformations).
  • All these diseases are linked to reduced arterial oxygen (PO2) and carbon dioxide (PCO2) levels.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the mechanisms of gas exchange abnormalities in various pulmonary vascular diseases.
  • To explain the causes of hypoxemia and hypocapnia in these conditions.
  • To differentiate gas exchange characteristics between diseases with increased and decreased PVR.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) ratios and physiologic dead space.
  • Evaluation of cardiac output and mixed venous PO2.
  • Assessment of chemosensitivity and potential intracardiac shunting (e.g., patent foramen ovale).

Main Results:

  • Increased PVR diseases show V/Q mismatching (high and low ratios), increased dead space, hypoxemia (due to V/Q mismatch and low cardiac output), and hypocapnia (due to hyperventilation and chemosensitivity).
  • Pulmonary arteriovenous malformations exhibit shunting and diffusion-perfusion imbalance, leading to hypocapnia from increased ventilation relative to pulmonary blood flow.
  • Patent foramen ovale can exacerbate hypoxemia in pulmonary hypertension patients.

Conclusions:

  • Gas exchange abnormalities in pulmonary vascular diseases are complex, involving V/Q mismatching, altered blood flow, and shunting.
  • Hypoxemia is primarily driven by V/Q mismatching and reduced cardiac output, while hypocapnia results from hyperventilation.
  • Intracardiac shunts can significantly worsen hypoxemia in specific patient groups.