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Related Concept Videos

Brain Imaging01:14

Brain Imaging

Brain imaging technologies provide critical insights into both the structure and function of the human brain, enabling medical professionals and researchers to diagnose, study, and treat neurological disorders or psychiatric disorders more effectively.
These technologies include computerized axial tomography (CAT or CT scans), positron-emission tomography (PET scans),  magnetic resonance imaging (MRI),  functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS).

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 10, 2026

Using Fiberless, Wearable fNIRS to Monitor Brain Activity in Real-world Cognitive Tasks
10:07

Using Fiberless, Wearable fNIRS to Monitor Brain Activity in Real-world Cognitive Tasks

Published on: December 2, 2015

Time domain functional NIRS imaging for human brain mapping.

Alessandro Torricelli1, Davide Contini, Antonio Pifferi

  • 1Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisica, piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, I-20133, Milan, Italy.

Neuroimage
|June 11, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Time domain functional near-infrared spectroscopy (TD-fNIRS) offers advanced neuroimaging capabilities. This review details TD-fNIRS technology, applications, and future potential for broader adoption in brain research.

Keywords:
AOTFCNRCWContinuous waveDEDTOFDepth selectivityFDFEMFWHMFunctional near-infrared spectroscopyGIICCDIECIRFISOInstrumentationInternational Electrotechnical CommissionInternational Organization for StandardizationLDFMCPMPENANIRSODOTDRPMTPenetration depthRTESCSISPADSRSTCSPCTDTPSFTime domainacousto-optic tunable filtercontinuous wavecontrast-to-noise ratiodiffusion equationdistribution of time-of-flightfNIRSfinite element methodfrequency domainfull width at half maximumfunctional near-infrared spectroscopygraded indexinstrument response functionintensified charge coupled devicelaser Doppler flowmetrymaximum permissible exposuremicro-channel platenear-infrared spectroscopynumerical apertureoptical densityoptical time domain reflectometerphotomultiplier tuberadiative transfer equationsingle-photon avalanche diodespace-resolved spectroscopystep indexsupercontinuumtemporal point spread functiontime domaintime-correlated single photon counting

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroimaging
  • Biomedical Optics
  • Spectroscopy

Background:

  • Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a non-invasive neuroimaging technique.
  • Time domain (TD) fNIRS offers enhanced capabilities over continuous wave (CW) fNIRS.
  • Advancements in TD-fNIRS are crucial for expanding its clinical and research applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present the state-of-the-art of time domain functional near-infrared spectroscopy (TD-fNIRS).
  • To provide a comprehensive overview of TD-fNIRS principles, instrumentation, and data analysis.
  • To critically examine the performance, strengths, and weaknesses of TD-fNIRS.

Main Methods:

  • Review of physical principles and modeling of TD-fNIRS.
  • Description of TD-fNIRS instrumentation components.
  • Survey of existing and next-generation TD-fNIRS systems.
  • Analysis of performance assessment and standardization.

Main Results:

  • Detailed examination of TD-fNIRS system components and their functions.
  • Comparison of TD-fNIRS with CW-fNIRS, highlighting key performance metrics.
  • Critical evaluation of factors like penetration depth, spatial resolution, and signal-to-noise ratio.

Conclusions:

  • TD-fNIRS presents significant advantages for neuroimaging research and clinical studies.
  • Technological developments are key to overcoming current limitations and enabling wider adoption.
  • Further research and standardization will enhance the utility of TD-fNIRS in the neuroimaging community.