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Related Concept Videos

Pathophysiology of Vomiting01:22

Pathophysiology of Vomiting

Vomiting is a complex physiological response to expel harmful or irritating substances from the body. It's a defensive mechanism triggered by stimuli like poisons, microbial toxins, cytotoxic drugs, and mechanical abdominal distension. The process is centrally coordinated by the vomiting (or emetic) center located in the medulla of the brainstem. This area, rich in muscarinic M1, histamine H1, neurokinin 1 (NK1), and serotonin 5-HT3 receptors, coordinates the act of vomiting through interaction...
Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Dopamine Receptor Antagonists01:29

Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Dopamine Receptor Antagonists

Dopamine receptor antagonists, also known as antipsychotic agents, are critical in managing chemotherapy-induced vomiting. These antiemetic agents block dopamine receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ), inhibiting signal transmission to the vomiting center. Antipsychotic agents encompass phenothiazines (PTZ), butyrophenones, benzamides, and thienobenzodiazepines (Zyprexa), which are utilized for their antiemetic and sedative properties.
Phenothiazines, such as prochlorperazine...
Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: 5-HT3 Receptor Antagonists01:27

Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: 5-HT3 Receptor Antagonists

5-HT3 receptor antagonists, such as dolasetron, granisetron (Kytril), ondansetron (Zofran), and palonosetron (Axoli), are crucial in managing chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) and postoperative nausea. These drugs selectively block 5-HT3 receptors in the visceral vagal and spinal afferent nerves, chemoreceptor trigger zone, and the vomiting center. They have a rapid onset of action and can be given as a single dose before chemotherapy. Ondansetron and granisetron, in particular,...
Pyloric Obstruction01:11

Pyloric Obstruction

Pyloric obstruction, also referred to as gastric outlet obstruction, is a condition characterized by narrowing or blockage at the pylorus—the muscular valve regulating the flow of stomach contents into the duodenum. When this passage becomes impaired, the stomach cannot effectively empty its contents into the small intestine. This disruption leads to a range of gastrointestinal symptoms, including early satiety, bloating, epigastric pain, postprandial nausea, persistent vomiting, and...
Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Neurokinin-1 Receptor Antagonists01:28

Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Neurokinin-1 Receptor Antagonists

Neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptors are distributed across the GI tract, vagal afferents, and key CNS regions including the central vomiting center and chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) Chemotherapy agents stimulate enterochromaffin cells in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract to release large amounts of substance P (SP). SP is a neuropeptide released by specific sensory nerves in response to many different stressors, including those in the GI mucosa affected by chemotherapy.  SP binds and activates these...
Bulimia Nervosa01:30

Bulimia Nervosa

Bulimia nervosa is a complex and severe eating disorder characterized by a cyclical pattern of binge-and-purge eating pattern. It generally involves an episode of binge eating, followed by compensatory behaviors such as vomiting, excessive exercise, laxative use, or fasting, to prevent weight gain. Despite often maintaining a normal weight, individuals with bulimia are intensely preoccupied with their body image and harbor an overwhelming fear of gaining weight. This can contribute to the...

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Ear Plaster Therapy as a Safe and Effective Treatment for Gestational Vomiting
05:33

Ear Plaster Therapy as a Safe and Effective Treatment for Gestational Vomiting

Published on: August 4, 2023

Vomiting.

Kalyan Ray Parashette1, Joseph Croffie

  • 1Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology Fellow, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Riley Hospital for Children, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.

Pediatrics in Review
|July 3, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Vomiting in children requires careful evaluation, as causes range from mild to severe. Pediatricians must identify serious conditions early, especially bilious emesis, which signals potential intestinal obstruction.

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatrics
  • Gastroenterology

Background:

  • Vomiting is a common symptom in children with diverse underlying causes.
  • Causes of vomiting differ significantly based on the patient's age.
  • Prompt identification of serious conditions is crucial for effective pediatric care.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To emphasize the importance of age-specific evaluation for pediatric vomiting.
  • To highlight critical indicators of serious illness in pediatric vomiting cases.
  • To guide pediatricians in diagnosing the etiology of vomiting.

Main Methods:

  • Clinical assessment based on patient age.
  • Differential diagnosis considering gastrointestinal and non-gastrointestinal causes.
  • Emphasis on recognizing red flag symptoms such as bilious emesis.

Main Results:

  • Vomiting etiology is age-dependent.
  • Bilious emesis is a critical sign of intestinal obstruction requiring immediate medical attention.
  • Non-gastrointestinal causes should be considered when primary GI investigations are negative.

Conclusions:

  • Pediatricians must develop expertise in age-stratified vomiting assessment.
  • Early recognition of serious pediatric conditions, particularly intestinal obstruction, is vital.
  • A comprehensive diagnostic approach, including extra-GI causes, improves patient outcomes.