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Related Concept Videos

Peptic Ulcer Disease III: Clinical Manifestations and Complications01:25

Peptic Ulcer Disease III: Clinical Manifestations and Complications

Duodenal UlcersDuodenal ulcers are the most common form of peptic ulcer disease, presenting with chronic, intermittent epigastric pain. Pain typically appears 2–3 hours after meals, especially when the stomach is empty, often waking patients at night. It is characteristically relieved by food or antacids (“pain–food–relief”). Some patients remain asymptomatic until complications like bleeding or perforation emerge, particularly with NSAID or anticoagulant use.Gastric UlcersGastric ulcers share...
Peptic Ulcer01:27

Peptic Ulcer

Peptic ulcers are erosive lesions of the gastric or duodenal lining, most commonly caused by Helicobacter pylori infection. This Gram-negative, helical bacterium has adapted to survive the stomach’s acidic environment by producing urease, which converts urea into ammonia and carbon dioxide. The ammonia neutralizes gastric acid in the bacterium’s immediate environment, allowing colonization of the gastric mucosa. H. pylori attaches to mucus-secreting epithelial cells, penetrates the mucus...
Esophageal Perforation-II: Clinical Manifestations and Management01:28

Esophageal Perforation-II: Clinical Manifestations and Management

Esophageal perforations manifest in various clinical forms, influenced by factors such as the perforation's cause and location (cervical, intrathoracic, or intra-abdominal), the extent of contamination, and potential injury to adjacent mediastinal structures. The timing between the perforation occurrence and treatment initiation also affects the clinical presentation.
Clinical Manifestations:
Introduction Cardiac Emergencies01:30

Introduction Cardiac Emergencies

Cardiac emergencies are critical situations involving the heart that require immediate medical intervention to prevent severe complications or death. These emergencies often arise from underlying heart conditions that impair the heart's ability to function correctly.Types of Cardiac EmergenciesThe most common types of cardiac emergencies include Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS), myocardial infarction (MI), cardiac arrest, and heart failure.Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS)...
Intestinal Obstruction I: Introduction01:29

Intestinal Obstruction I: Introduction

Intestinal obstruction is a partial or complete blockage of the small or large intestine that disrupts the normal flow of intestinal contents through the lumen. This interruption impairs digestion, absorption, and fluid balance, and may lead to serious complications if not treated promptly.Mechanical ObstructionMechanical obstruction occurs when a physical blockage prevents intestinal contents from passing, arising from within the lumen or the bowel wall, or from external compression.Adhesions,...
Intestinal Obstruction II: Pathophysiology01:07

Intestinal Obstruction II: Pathophysiology

Intestinal obstruction triggers a series of physiological responses, starting with gas and fluid accumulation in the bowel segment proximal to the obstruction, leading to distension. This distended intestine compresses the diaphragm, hindering lung expansion and potentially leading to reduced respiratory effort, atelectasis, and pneumonia.To overcome the blockage, the gut intensifies contractions, causing colicky abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting, which reduces fluid and food intake and...

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An update on common gastrointestinal emergencies.

Seema Shah1

  • 1Division of Emergency Medicine, Rady Children's Hospital, University of California San Diego, 3020 Children's Way, MC 5075, San Diego, CA 92123, USA. sshah@rchsd.org

Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America
|August 7, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Diagnosing acute abdominal pain in children is challenging. This review covers common surgical causes, emphasizing prompt identification and management to reduce complications.

Keywords:
AppendicitisHirschsprung diseaseIntussusceptionMalrotationPyloric stenosis

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Surgery
  • Pediatric Emergency Medicine
  • Pediatric Gastroenterology

Background:

  • Acute abdominal pain is a frequent pediatric presentation.
  • Differentiating surgical from non-surgical causes is critical for timely intervention.
  • Delayed diagnosis of surgical emergencies increases morbidity and mortality.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review common surgical etiologies of acute abdominal pain in children.
  • To highlight diagnostic challenges in pediatric abdominal pain.
  • To guide the appropriate selection of diagnostic imaging.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of common surgical causes of pediatric abdominal pain.
  • Analysis of diagnostic pathways including clinical presentation, examination, and laboratory findings.
  • Discussion of imaging modalities for surgical emergencies.

Main Results:

  • Common surgical causes include appendicitis, intussusception, and malrotation with volvulus.
  • Clinical symptoms, physical examination, and lab results are crucial initial steps.
  • Imaging plays a key role in confirming surgical diagnoses.

Conclusions:

  • Prompt recognition of surgical emergencies in pediatric abdominal pain is vital.
  • A systematic approach integrating clinical data and imaging aids diagnosis.
  • Effective management strategies are essential to improve outcomes.