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Updated: May 9, 2026

Problem-Solving Before Instruction (PS-I): A Protocol for Assessment and Intervention in Students with Different Abilities
Published on: September 11, 2021
Shortening the distance between the "i" and the "it": a transformative approach to improving teaching
1University of New Mexico, Division of Occupational Therapy, Albuquerque, NM bhooper@salud.unm.edu.
Abstract:
"It" science focuses on the external and technical dimensions of action. "I" science focuses on the internal experiences and meaning particular actions hold for people. Elevating "It" science over "I" science can deform occupational therapy's body of knowledge and, consequently, stunt its practices. Similarly, elevating the technical or instrumental dimension of teaching over the internal experiences of educators can deform education and even do harm to students. A transformative learning approach to improving teaching foregrounds the inner lives of educators, thus balancing the instrumental with the deeply personal aspects of teaching. Such a balance is vital given the hopes that ride on occupational therapy education.
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