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Tooth Anatomy

Tooth Anatomy

The human tooth enables us to eat a variety of foods, speak clearly, and even aid in shaping our faces. Teeth are composed of various elements that work together. Here's a detailed look at the anatomy of a human tooth.
The Crown, Neck, and Root
The visible part of the tooth is referred to as the crown. It's covered by enamel, the hardest substance in the human body. The crown is uniquely shaped for each type of tooth, allowing for different functions such as cutting, tearing, or grinding food.

Teeth

Teeth

The formation of teeth, also known as odontogenesis, is a complex process that begins in utero, around the sixth week of embryonic development. There are three stages to this process: the bud stage, the cap stage, and the bell stage.
In the bud stage, the tooth germ (an aggregation of cells) starts to form in the developing jawbone. During the cap stage, the tooth germ differentiates into enamel organ, dental papilla, and dental sac, which will later develop into the tooth's enamel, dentin and...

Compact Bone

Compact Bone

Most bones contain compact and spongy osseous tissue, but their distribution and concentration vary based on the bone's overall function.
Compact bone, also called cortical bone, is the denser, stronger of the two types of bone tissue. It is found under the periosteum and in the diaphyses of long bones, where it provides support and protection. The microscopic structural unit of compact bone is called an osteon, or haversian system. Each osteon is composed of concentric rings of calcified...

Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius

Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius

The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
The radius has a nail-shaped head, and a short...

Rheumatic Heart Disease I: Introduction

Rheumatic Heart Disease I: Introduction

Rheumatic heart disease or RHD is a chronic condition that results from rheumatic fever, causing permanent damage to the heart valves.Etiology and Risk FactorsIt primarily arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory disease that can develop after untreated or inadequately treated group A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis. Streptococcus spreads through direct contact with oral or respiratory secretions. While the bacteria are the causative agents, factors like malnutrition, overcrowding, poor...

Spongy Bone

Spongy Bone

All bones comprise an outer layer of compact bone, and an interior made up of spongy bone tissue, also called cancellous or trabecular bone. In long bones, spongy bone tissue is mainly found in the interior of the epiphyses (broad ends of the bone).
Spongy bone is more porous, and less dense compared to compact bone. It is composed of concentric lamellae that are arranged irregularly to form the trabecular network. In some bones, the spaces between trabeculae contain red marrow, where...

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Updated: May 8, 2026

Systematic Assessment of Mammalian Skull Specimens for Dental and Temporomandibular Joint Pathology

Systematic Assessment of Mammalian Skull Specimens for Dental and Temporomandibular Joint Pathology

Published on: August 22, 2022

The rachitic tooth.

Brian L Foster¹, Francisco H Nociti, Martha J Somerman

¹National Institute for Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892.

Endocrine Reviews

|August 14, 2013

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Rickets, traditionally linked to vitamin D deficiency, also impacts tooth mineralization due to genetic factors affecting calcium and phosphate regulation. This review explores the dental defects associated with various forms of rickets.

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Microhardness Measurements on Tooth and Alveolar Bone in Rodent Oral Disease Models

Microhardness Measurements on Tooth and Alveolar Bone in Rodent Oral Disease Models

Published on: April 26, 2024

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Systematic Assessment of Mammalian Skull Specimens for Dental and Temporomandibular Joint Pathology

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Microhardness Measurements on Tooth and Alveolar Bone in Rodent Oral Disease Models

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Published on: April 26, 2024

Area of Science:

Mineralization disorders
Developmental biology
Endocrinology

Background:

Teeth, like bone, are mineralized tissues susceptible to developmental failures.
Rickets, historically vitamin D deficiency, now encompasses genetic disorders of phosphate and calcium regulation.
Defective dentition is a common comorbidity in individuals with rickets.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the dental manifestations of rickets.
To explore the etiologies of hereditary rickets and their impact on tooth and bone mineralization.
To discuss the mechanisms underlying dental pathologies in rickets.

Main Methods:

Review of human pathologies associated with rickets.
Analysis of transgenic mouse models to understand tooth defect mechanisms.
Integration of systemic and local mineralization regulation factors.

Main Results:

Rickets can result from genetic defects in phosphate and calcium regulation, including fibroblast growth factor 23 and dentin matrix protein 1.
Loss of tissue nonspecific alkaline phosphatase activity leads to mineralization defects.
Tooth defects in rickets may or may not mirror bone defects, with insights gained from mouse models.

Conclusions:

Hereditary rickets presents diverse bone and tooth mineralization disorders.
Understanding the mechanisms of rickets is crucial for addressing associated dental pathologies.
Transgenic models provide valuable insights into the pathogenesis of rachitic tooth defects.