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Related Concept Videos

The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:31

The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

Internal cellular stress, such as cellular injury or hypoxia, triggers intrinsic apoptosis. The B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family of proteins are the primary regulators of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. For example, during DNA damage, checkpoint proteins, such as Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM protein) and Checkpoints Factor-2 (Chk2) proteins, are activated. These proteins phosphorylate p53 which further activates pro-apoptotic proteins, such as Bax, Bak, PUMA, and Noxa, and inhibits...
Apoptosis01:30

Apoptosis

Apoptosis is a combination of two Greek words, 'apo' and 'ptosis,' meaning separation and falling off, respectively. Hippocrates used this word to describe gangrene, which was caused due to bandaging of fractured bones. Apoptosis was distinguished from necrosis in 1970 when John Kerr reported observations of morphological changes occurring during apoptosis. During one experiment, he observed that the disruption of blood supply to the liver tissue resulted in a size reduction of the tissue.
Abnormal Proliferation02:23

Abnormal Proliferation

Under normal conditions, most adult cells remain in a non-proliferative state unless stimulated by internal or external factors to replace lost cells. Abnormal cell proliferation is a condition in which the cell's growth exceeds and is uncoordinated with normal cells. In such situations, cell division persists in the same excessive manner even after cessation of the stimuli, leading to persistent tumors. The tumor arises from the damaged cells that replicate to pass the damage to the daughter...
The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:17

The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...
Regulation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells01:01

Regulation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells

All blood and immune cells are produced from the multipotent hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) by the process of hematopoiesis. However, they all have a limited life span. In addition, many are depleted in immune surveillance or combatting an injury or infection. This makes blood one of the most regenerative tissues. Hematopoiesis helps replenish these blood and immune cells, restoring the body's normal functioning. However, overproduction of blood and immune cells can make them cancerous or...
Cellular Injury V: Apoptosis and Autophagy01:22

Cellular Injury V: Apoptosis and Autophagy

Cells respond to damage and stress through highly coordinated processes that decide whether they survive or undergo controlled self-destruction. Two major pathways involved in this regulation are apoptosis, a type of programmed cell death, and autophagy, a survival mechanism that helps cells adapt to adverse conditions.ApoptosisApoptosis removes aged or injured cells to maintain tissue balance. During this process, the cell shrinks, chromatin condenses and fragments, and membrane-bound...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 8, 2026

Detection of Mitochondria Membrane Potential to Study CLIC4 Knockdown-induced HN4 Cell Apoptosis In Vitro
13:20

Detection of Mitochondria Membrane Potential to Study CLIC4 Knockdown-induced HN4 Cell Apoptosis In Vitro

Published on: July 17, 2018

Apoptosis deregulation in CLL.

Chris Fegan1, Chris Pepper

  • 1CLL Research Group, Institute of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, Wales, CF14 4XN, UK, Christopher.Fegan@wales.nhs.uk.

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
|September 10, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Understanding apoptosis, the process of programmed cell death, is key to cancer research. In Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL), the BCL2 family

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Last Updated: May 8, 2026

Detection of Mitochondria Membrane Potential to Study CLIC4 Knockdown-induced HN4 Cell Apoptosis In Vitro
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Phospho Flow Cytometry with Fluorescent Cell Barcoding for Single Cell Signaling Analysis and Biomarker Discovery

Published on: October 4, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Death Research

Background:

  • Apoptosis regulation is crucial for understanding cancer development.
  • The balance of BCL2 family proteins significantly impacts Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) progression.
  • Cellular apoptotic potential influences chemotherapy response and patient survival in CLL.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the role of apoptosis regulation in CLL.
  • To highlight the significance of the BCL2 protein family in CLL pathogenesis.
  • To underscore the link between apoptotic potential, chemotherapy sensitivity, and patient outcomes in CLL.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on apoptosis and CLL.
  • Analysis of the BCL2 family's role in CLL.
  • Correlation of apoptotic potential with clinical outcomes and treatment response.

Main Results:

  • The BCL2 protein family's apoptotic balance is critical for CLL development and progression.
  • CLL cell apoptotic potential is a determinant of chemotherapy sensitivity.
  • Therapeutic targeting of apoptosis pathways shows promise in CLL treatment.

Conclusions:

  • The BCL2 family's role in apoptosis is central to CLL.
  • BH3 mimetics represent a targeted therapeutic strategy for CLL.
  • Understanding apoptosis offers new avenues for improved CLL treatment and patient survival.