Improving the energy density and power density of CFx by mechanical milling: a primary lithium battery electrode

The effect of high energy ball milling on the electrochemical performance of graphite fluoride (CFx) was investigated. A significant improvement was observed in both energy density and power density. The volumetric energy density was increased up to a factor of 3 with ball milled materials compared with pristine materials. The gravimetric energy density was increased up to a factor of 2, depending on the discharge rates. At 6C the ball milled material still delivered 40% of its nominal capacity, whereas the pristine material did not exhibit any capacity any more. We achieved the power density of 9860 W/kg with a gravimetric energy density of 800 Wh/kg for the optimized material.