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Updated: May 7, 2026

An Analog Macroscopic Technique for Studying Molecular Hydrodynamic Processes in Dense Gases and Liquids
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Forces on a saltating grain in air.

Zhen-Ting Wang1, Chun-Lai Zhang, Hong-Tao Wang

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, 100875, Beijing, P.R. China, wangzht@lzu.edu.cn.

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Summary

This study analyzed sand grain motion in wind tunnels, finding gravity and drag are key forces. Lift has some effect, but electrostatic forces were found to be insignificant for saltating grains.

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Area of Science:

  • Geophysics
  • Fluid Dynamics
  • Particle Transport

Background:

  • Understanding granular material transport is crucial for disciplines like geomorphology and atmospheric science.
  • Previous research has identified key forces acting on saltating particles, but their relative importance requires further quantification.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To experimentally determine the trajectories of individual sand grains in a wind tunnel.
  • To numerically assess the influence of various external forces (gravity, drag, lift, electrostatic) on sand grain motion.
  • To reconfirm the dominant forces governing saltation.

Main Methods:

  • Conducting wind tunnel experiments to record sand grain trajectories.
  • Applying numerical differentiation to experimental data to calculate grain acceleration.
  • Analyzing acceleration data to quantify the contribution of different forces.

Main Results:

  • Gravitational force and aerodynamic drag were confirmed as the primary forces influencing sand grain motion.
  • Aerodynamic lift force was found to exert a measurable, though secondary, influence.
  • The study found no significant evidence supporting the role of electrostatic forces in sand grain saltation.

Conclusions:

  • Gravity and drag are the dominant forces in sand grain saltation.
  • Lift forces play a role, but electrostatic forces are not significant in this context.
  • Experimental and numerical methods provide robust insights into granular particle dynamics.