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Diabetic Retinopathy

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DefinitionDiabetic retinopathy is a microvascular complication of diabetes affecting the retinal blood vessels.Risk FactorsDiabetic retinopathy is present in almost all individuals with type 1 diabetes and more than 60% of those with type 2 diabetes after two decades of disease.The risk increases with poor glycemic control, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, pregnancy, and puberty.Although cataracts and glaucoma are also more frequent in people with diabetes, retinopathy remains the leading...

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Updated: May 7, 2026

Experimental Autoimmune Uveitis: An Intraocular Inflammatory Mouse Model

Experimental Autoimmune Uveitis: An Intraocular Inflammatory Mouse Model

Published on: January 12, 2022

Autoimmune retinopathy.

Didar U Comlekoglu¹, Ian A Thompson, H Nida Sen

¹National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.

Current Opinion in Ophthalmology

|October 9, 2013

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Autoimmune retinopathy (AIR) is a rare, vision-threatening autoimmune disease. Advances in understanding its antibody-mediated pathophysiology and new therapies like B-cell therapy offer hope, but more research is needed.

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Last Updated: May 7, 2026

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Area of Science:

Ophthalmology
Immunology
Autoimmune Diseases

Background:

Autoimmune retinopathy (AIR) is an immune-mediated condition causing progressive vision loss.
Characterized by anti-retinal antibodies, abnormal electroretinography, and visual field defects.
Pathophysiology involves autoantibodies targeting retinal tissue, with variable findings and potential links to self-tolerance issues.

Purpose of the Study:

To review recent advances in understanding the pathophysiology of autoimmune retinopathy.
To highlight current clinical manifestations and evolving management strategies for AIR.
To discuss the role of emerging diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.

Main Methods:

Literature review focusing on pathophysiology, clinical features, and treatment of autoimmune retinopathy.
Analysis of recent research on anti-retinal antibodies and immunomodulatory therapies.
Evaluation of newer imaging modalities for diagnosis and monitoring.

Main Results:

AIR pathophysiology is likely antibody-mediated, though autoantibodies can be found in healthy individuals.
Standardized antibody testing methods are lacking, complicating diagnosis and interpretation.
Immunomodulatory therapies, including targeted B-cell therapy, show promise.
Advanced imaging like OCT and fundus autofluorescence aid in diagnosis and monitoring.

Conclusions:

Autoimmune retinopathy is a rare, vision-threatening disease with an incompletely defined pathogenesis.
Diagnostic challenges persist due to a lack of standardized criteria.
Further basic science research and controlled clinical trials are essential for refining treatment paradigms.