Gadd45 stress sensors in preeclampsia

Preeclampsia is a pregnancy-induced complex of multiple pathological changes. Numerous stresses during pregnancy, including hypoxia, immune activation, inflammatory cytokines, and oxidative stress were reported as contributing factors to the preeclamptic pathology. Seeking common sensors of various stressors in preeclampsia is of new interest and can potentially benefit in disease prevention and treatment. Recent studies have highlighted the role of the Gadd45a protein as a stress sensor in preeclampsia. In response to various pathophysiological stressors, notably hypoxia, inflammatory cytokines, and AT1-AAs, Gadd45a activates Mkk3-p38 and or JNK signaling. This, in turn, results in immunological and inflammatory changes as well as triggering the production of circulating factors such as sFlt-1, which are believed to account for many of the pathophysiological-related symptoms of preeclampsia. Activation of inflammatory/immune responses in preeclampsia may function in a feedback loop to maintain elevated expression of Gadd45a protein.