Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Trait Centrality01:21

Trait Centrality

181
Trait centrality refers to the degree to which a particular characteristic influences the overall impression of an individual. Some traits exert a disproportionately strong impact on perception, shaping how people interpret other attributes of a person. Solomon Asch first systematically studied this phenomenon in 1946.Asch’s Experiment on Trait CentralityAsch's seminal study demonstrated the centrality of certain traits through a controlled experiment. Participants were presented with a...
181
The Central Dogma01:25

The Central Dogma

139.1K
Overview
139.1K
The Central Dogma01:20

The Central Dogma

32.8K
The central dogma explains the flow of genetic information from DNA nucleotides to the amino acid sequence of proteins.
RNA is the Missing Link Between DNA and Proteins
In the early 1900s, scientists discovered that DNA stores all the information needed for cellular functions and that proteins perform most of these functions. However, the mechanisms of converting genetic information into functional proteins remained unknown for many years. Initially, it was believed that a single gene is...
32.8K
Measures of Central Tendency02:16

Measures of Central Tendency

20.2K
The "center" of a data set is also a way of describing location. The two most widely used measures of the "center" of the data are the mean (average) and the median. The words "mean" and "average" are often used interchangeably. The substitution of one word for the other is common practice. The technical term is "arithmetic mean" and "average" is technically a center location. However, in practice among non-statisticians,...
20.2K
Pain01:20

Pain

1.3K
Pain serves as a critical warning signal that alerts the body to potential or actual harm. When mechanical pressure on the skin is intense, such as from a sharp pinch, the sensation transitions from touch to pain. Similarly, extreme temperatures, like a hot pot handle, convert the sensation of heat into pain. Pain can also result from overstimulation of other senses, such as blinding light, loud noise, or the intense heat from habañero peppers. This ability to sense pain is essential for...
1.3K
What is Central Tendency?01:14

What is Central Tendency?

17.3K
Descriptive statistics describe or summarize relevant characteristics of a sample and aid in the analysis of data of interest. When analyzing large quantities of data and developing an inference, one needs to identify a value representative of the entire data set. Characteristics such as central tendency, extreme values, range of measurements, or the most repeated value can help better understand the data.
The central tendency is the most conventionally used data characteristic. It is a...
17.3K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Computational modeling of interferential stimulation of the spinal cord.

Journal of neural engineering·2026
Same author

Principles of Physiologic Closed-Loop Controllers in Neuromodulation.

Neuromodulation : journal of the International Neuromodulation Society·2026
Same author

Increasing risk of stroke with increased climate vulnerability: Assessing stroke burden and access to health care according to the climate vulnerability index in the United States.

Journal of stroke and cerebrovascular diseases : the official journal of National Stroke Association·2026
Same author

Severe Adult-Onset POLG-Related Hemidystonia Responding to Pallidal Deep Brain Stimulation.

Movement disorders clinical practice·2026
Same author

Persistent Head Tremor Improvement in Essential Tremor Patients after Bilateral Ventral Intermediate Nucleus DBS.

Movement disorders clinical practice·2025
Same author

In Vitro Evaluation of Posterior Fossa Stereotactic Surgery Using Frameless Custom-Built 3-Dimensional Microplatform.

Operative neurosurgery (Hagerstown, Md.)·2025
Same journal

Intramedullary Spinal Cord Tumors.

Neurosurgery clinics of North America·2026
Same journal

Spinal Cord Deformities Associated with Intramedullary Spinal Cord Tumors.

Neurosurgery clinics of North America·2026
Same journal

Radiation Therapy for Spinal Cord Tumors.

Neurosurgery clinics of North America·2026
Same journal

Treatment Strategies of Intramedullary Spinal Cord Tumors.

Neurosurgery clinics of North America·2026
Same journal

Vascular Lesions of the Spinal Cord: Arteriovenous and Cavernous Malformations.

Neurosurgery clinics of North America·2026
Same journal

Hemangioblastomas of the Spinal Cord.

Neurosurgery clinics of North America·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 23, 2026

Fixation of Ultrasound Transducers for Spinal Cord Neuromodulation in Mice
03:26

Fixation of Ultrasound Transducers for Spinal Cord Neuromodulation in Mice

Published on: August 1, 2025

720

Central neuromodulation for refractory pain.

Nina Z Moore1, Scott F Lempka, Andre Machado

  • 1Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Neurological Restoration, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Desk S31, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.

Neurosurgery Clinics of North America
|November 23, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Deep brain stimulation and motor cortex stimulation offer options for chronic neuropathic pain when other treatments fail. Further studies are needed to confirm the effectiveness and optimal targets for these off-label interventions.

Keywords:
Deep brain stimulation (DBS)Motor cortex stimulation (MCS)NeuromatrixNeuromodulationPain

More Related Videos

Subcutaneous Trigeminal Nerve Field Stimulation for Refractory Facial Pain
09:35

Subcutaneous Trigeminal Nerve Field Stimulation for Refractory Facial Pain

Published on: May 10, 2017

19.5K
Dynamic Quantitative Sensory Testing to Characterize Central Pain Processing
09:16

Dynamic Quantitative Sensory Testing to Characterize Central Pain Processing

Published on: February 16, 2017

17.5K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 23, 2026

Fixation of Ultrasound Transducers for Spinal Cord Neuromodulation in Mice
03:26

Fixation of Ultrasound Transducers for Spinal Cord Neuromodulation in Mice

Published on: August 1, 2025

720
Subcutaneous Trigeminal Nerve Field Stimulation for Refractory Facial Pain
09:35

Subcutaneous Trigeminal Nerve Field Stimulation for Refractory Facial Pain

Published on: May 10, 2017

19.5K
Dynamic Quantitative Sensory Testing to Characterize Central Pain Processing
09:16

Dynamic Quantitative Sensory Testing to Characterize Central Pain Processing

Published on: February 16, 2017

17.5K

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Pain Management
  • Neurosurgery

Background:

  • Chronic neuropathic pain impacts approximately 18 million adults annually in the United States.
  • Pharmacologic and less invasive methods are insufficient for managing refractory pain.
  • Deep brain stimulation (DBS) and motor cortex stimulation (MCS) are potential interventions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current status of DBS and MCS for chronic neuropathic pain.
  • To highlight the off-label nature of these procedures for pain management.
  • To identify the need for further research on optimal targets and efficacy.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on neuromodulation techniques for chronic pain.
  • Analysis of current FDA-approved indications versus off-label applications.
  • Identification of knowledge gaps in effectiveness and target selection.

Main Results:

  • DBS and MCS are considered for patients with intractable neuropathic pain.
  • These neuromodulation techniques are currently used off-label for chronic pain management.
  • Robust clinical trials are lacking to establish definitive efficacy and optimal parameters.

Conclusions:

  • Neuromodulation offers a potential avenue for severe neuropathic pain.
  • Current use of DBS and MCS for pain is off-label, requiring further investigation.
  • Conclusive studies are essential to validate these approaches and guide clinical practice.