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Diabetic Retinopathy

Diabetic Retinopathy

DefinitionDiabetic retinopathy is a microvascular complication of diabetes affecting the retinal blood vessels.Risk FactorsDiabetic retinopathy is present in almost all individuals with type 1 diabetes and more than 60% of those with type 2 diabetes after two decades of disease.The risk increases with poor glycemic control, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, pregnancy, and puberty.Although cataracts and glaucoma are also more frequent in people with diabetes, retinopathy remains the leading...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 5, 2026

Experimental Autoimmune Uveitis: An Intraocular Inflammatory Mouse Model

Experimental Autoimmune Uveitis: An Intraocular Inflammatory Mouse Model

Published on: January 12, 2022

Autoimmune retinopathy.

Landon Grange¹, Monica Dalal¹, Robert B Nussenblatt¹

¹National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.

American Journal of Ophthalmology

|December 10, 2013

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Autoimmune retinopathy is a rare condition diagnosed by antiretinal antibodies and vision abnormalities. Treatment challenges persist due to nonstandardized criteria and variable responses, especially in nonparaneoplastic cases.

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Last Updated: May 5, 2026

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Area of Science:

Ophthalmology
Immunology
Rheumatology

Background:

Autoimmune retinopathy (AIR) is a rare immunologic disorder.
Characterized by circulating antiretinal antibodies and visual dysfunction.
Ophthalmic examination findings can be minimal or normal.

Purpose of the Study:

Review current clinical guidelines for autoimmune retinopathy diagnosis and treatment.
Discuss challenges in diagnosis and work-up.
Preview potential future therapies.

Main Methods:

Literature review.
Clinical expertise interpretation.
Perspective-based analysis.

Main Results:

Diagnosis is complicated by limited and nonstandardized criteria.
Serum antiretinal antibodies and clinical manifestations are key diagnostic factors, but antibody presence alone is insufficient.
Treatment response is variable; paraneoplastic retinopathy shows better outcomes with combined chemotherapy and immunosuppression.

Conclusions:

Limited knowledge exists regarding the clinical course, prognosis, and treatment of autoimmune retinopathy.
Further research needed on antiretinal antibody specificity, pathogenicity, and biomarkers.
Concurrent studies for appropriate treatment identification are essential.