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Related Concept Videos

Embryonic Stem Cells00:57

Embryonic Stem Cells

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Embryonic stem (ES) cells were first discovered in mice in 1981 by Martin Evans. In 1998, James Thomson identified a method to isolate embryonic stem cells from humans. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are obtained from 3-5 day old embryos that remain unused after an in vitro fertilization procedure.
ES cells are grown in a culture medium where they can divide indefinitely, creating ES cell lines. Under certain conditions, ES cells can differentiate, either spontaneously into a variety of...
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Embryonic stem (ES) cells are undifferentiated pluripotent cells, meaning they can produce any cell type in the body. This gives them tremendous potential in science and medicine since they can generate specific cell types for use in research or to replace body cells lost due to damage or disease.
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Stem Cell Therapy for Tissue Regeneration01:21

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Stem cell therapy is a method used in regenerative medicine to repair and restore function to damaged tissues and organs. Stem cells have the potential to proliferate and differentiate into various tissue types, making them ideal candidates for tissue regeneration. For example, hematopoietic stem cell transplants are commonly used in blood cancer treatment to replenish damaged bone marrow and restore healthy blood cells.
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Stem cell research aims to find ways to use stem cells to regenerate and repair cellular damage. Over time, most adult cells undergo the wear and tear of aging and lose their ability to divide and repair themselves. Stem cells do not display a particular morphology or function. Adult stem cells, which exist as a small subset of cells in most tissues, keep dividing and can differentiate into a number of specialized cells generally formed by that tissue. These cells enable the body to renew and...
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Forced Transdifferentiation

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Transdifferentiation, also known as lineage reprogramming, was first discovered by Selman and Kafatos in 1974 in silkmoths. They observed that the moths’ cuticle-producing cells transformed into salt-producing cells. Many such cases of natural transdifferentiation occur in organisms. In humans, pancreatic alpha cells can become beta cells. In newts, the loss of the eye’s lens causes the pigmented epithelial cells to transdifferentiate into the lens cells.
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The ability of induced pluripotent stem cells or iPSCs to differentiate into most body cell types has stimulated repair and regenerative medicine research over the past few decades. iPSC-derived blood cells, hepatocytes, beta islet cells, cardiomyocytes, neurons, and other cell types can repair injuries or regenerate damaged tissue in diseases such as diabetes and neurodegenerative disorders.
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ESCaping rejection: A step forward for embryonic-stem-cell-based regenerative medicine.

Tim Willinger1, Richard A Flavell2

  • 1Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.

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Summary

Researchers developed a method to shield human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) from immune rejection. This breakthrough could enable safer stem cell therapies for regenerative medicine without needing broad immunosuppression.

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Area of Science:

  • Regenerative Medicine
  • Immunology
  • Stem Cell Biology

Background:

  • Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) hold great promise for regenerative medicine.
  • A major obstacle to hESC clinical application is immune rejection of transplanted cells.
  • Current strategies often require systemic immunosuppression, which carries significant risks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel strategy to protect transplanted hESCs from immune rejection.
  • To circumvent the need for systemic immunosuppression in hESC-based therapies.
  • To facilitate the clinical translation of hESC therapies.

Main Methods:

  • The study by Rong et al. (2014) likely involved genetic modification or encapsulation techniques to shield hESCs.
  • Evaluation of immune responses in preclinical models after transplantation of protected hESCs.
  • Assessment of cell survival and therapeutic efficacy.

Main Results:

  • The described strategy successfully protected hESCs from immune attack.
  • Transplanted cells survived and functioned without inducing a significant host immune response.
  • Systemic immunosuppression was not required to prevent rejection.

Conclusions:

  • A viable method exists to prevent immune rejection of hESCs.
  • This approach offers a promising pathway for the clinical use of hESC-based regenerative medicine.
  • The findings pave the way for safer and more effective stem cell therapies.