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Updated: May 4, 2026

Multi-Tracer Studies of Brain Oxygen and Glucose Metabolism Using a Time-of-Flight Positron Emission Tomography-Computed Tomography Scanner
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DOI Determination by Rise Time Discrimination in Single-Ended Readout for TOF PET Imaging.

R I Wiener1, S Surti2, J S Karp3

  • 1Department of Physics and Astronomy at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.

IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science
|January 10, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Thick detectors in Time-of-Flight (TOF) PET degrade timing resolution. A novel charge-based correction and a dual-layer detector design improve depth of interaction (DOI) measurement and timing performance for TOF PET scanners.

Keywords:
PETdepth-of-interactionlanthanum bromidetime-of-flight

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Area of Science:

  • Nuclear Instrumentation
  • Medical Imaging Physics

Background:

  • Thick scintillator crystals (2-3cm) in clinical Time-of-Flight (TOF) Positron Emission Tomography (PET) systems enhance detection efficiency but degrade spatial and timing resolution due to interaction depth dispersion and parallax error.
  • Depth of Interaction (DOI) variations in thick detectors lead to time pickoff dispersion, significantly impacting the timing resolution crucial for TOF performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate and mitigate the impact of DOI on timing resolution in TOF PET detectors.
  • To develop and validate novel methods for DOI identification and timing performance enhancement in scintillator-based TOF systems.

Main Methods:

  • Characterization of timing performance, pulse shape, and light output for LaBr3:Ce, CeBr3, and LYSO scintillators using fast signal digitization.
  • Controlled irradiation depth experiments to quantify DOI-dependence of time pickoff and charge collection.
  • Development of a charge-based correction algorithm to improve time pickoff accuracy.
  • Design and testing of a two-layer LaBr3[5%Ce]/LaBr3[30%Ce] detector exploiting scintillator rise time differences for DOI determination.

Main Results:

  • Coincidence timing resolution was found to degrade by approximately 50 ps/cm with increasing scintillator pixel length.
  • A charge-based correction improved coincidence timing resolution to <200 ps for a 4×4×30mm3 LaBr3 pixel by accounting for DOI-dependent time pickoff.
  • The two-layer LaBr3 detector achieved excellent layer separation and maintained coincidence timing resolution of <250 ps and energy resolution <7%.

Conclusions:

  • DOI-dependent time pickoff is a significant factor limiting timing performance in thick TOF PET detectors.
  • Charge-based corrections and dual-layer detector designs utilizing rise time discrimination are effective strategies for improving DOI measurement and timing resolution.
  • The proposed techniques demonstrate the feasibility of enhancing TOF PET detector performance while maintaining sensitivity and energy resolution.