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Related Concept Videos

Crystal Growth: Principles of Crystallization01:25

Crystal Growth: Principles of Crystallization

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Crystallization is a phase transformation process in which crystals are precipitated from a supersaturated solution or formed from other sources. During crystallization, atoms or molecules arrange themselves into a well-defined, rigid crystal lattice to minimize energy.
Initiating crystallization involves manipulating the concentration of the solute and the temperature of the solution. Since crystal growth occurs when the ratio of concentration and solubility of the solute in the solvent...
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Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria01:10

Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria

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Recrystallization is a purification technique used to separate impurities from solid compounds. In this technique, no chemical reactions occur. Instead, it exploits physical properties only, specifically, the solubility differences between the desired compound and impurities, either at a single temperature or at different temperatures, and under other selected conditions. The solid-solution equilibrium (solubility equilibrium) of each component in the solution represents a binary phase...
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Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Stoichiometric Point Defects01:26

Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Stoichiometric Point Defects

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Schottky defects arise when some lattice points in a crystal, such as those in NaCl, remain unoccupied, creating lattice vacancies without disturbing the overall electrical neutrality of the crystal. This defect is common in ionic crystals where the positive and negative ions are similar in size, as seen in sodium chloride and cesium chloride. The presence of Schottky defects enables the crystal to conduct electricity to a small extent through an ionic mechanism. Electric fields cause nearby...
143
Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Non-Stoichiometric Defects01:29

Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Non-Stoichiometric Defects

115
Non-stoichiometric defects refer to a type of defect in the crystal structure of a compound where the ratio of its constituent elements deviates from the ideal stoichiometric ratio. There are two main types of non-stoichiometric defects: metal excess defects and metal deficiency defects.Metal excess defects occur when there is a slight surplus of metal ions than what is required by the stoichiometric ratio of the compound. For example, heating a sodium chloride crystal in sodium vapor results...
115
The Seven Crystal Systems: Overview01:24

The Seven Crystal Systems: Overview

292
Crystals with various point group symmetries belong to different crystal classes, which are synonymous terms. Despite being in the same class, crystals may have distinct shapes, like cubes and octahedra. There are 32 three-dimensional point groups, all of which are systematically divided into seven crystal systems.The basic cubic crystal system, exemplified by NaCl, features orthogonal vectors (α = β = �� = 90°) of equal lengths (a = b = c). When specific...
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Determination of Crystal Structures01:29

Determination of Crystal Structures

135
In the late 1800s, the revelation that light extended beyond visible wavelengths led to the discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Roentgen. Recognized as high-energy electromagnetic radiation with short wavelengths, X-rays prompted exploration into their interaction with crystals. Max von Laue proposed in 1912 that the periodic arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in crystals would cause them to diffract X-rays, a hypothesis confirmed through experiments with copper sulfate and zinc sulfide...
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Updated: May 4, 2026

Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses
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Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses

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Crystallisation in oxide glasses - a tutorial review.

N Karpukhina1, R G Hill, R V Law

  • 1Dental Physical Sciences, Institute of Dentistry, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK. n.karpukhina@qmul.ac.uk.

Chemical Society Reviews
|January 11, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review introduces glass crystallization and glass-ceramic development, focusing on silicate and oxide glasses. Understanding crystallization mechanisms enables designing advanced glass-ceramics with tailored properties for specific applications.

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Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses
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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Solid State Chemistry

Background:

  • Glass and glass-ceramics are vital materials with significant industrial and domestic applications.
  • The glass-ceramic method enhances material properties through controlled heat treatment of glass.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a basic introduction to glass crystallization mechanisms.
  • To focus on silicate and related oxide glass systems.
  • To facilitate understanding for designing advanced glass-ceramics.

Main Methods:

  • High-temperature synthesis of glass.
  • Controlled heat treatment processes.
  • Analysis of crystalline and non-crystalline phases.

Main Results:

  • Glass-ceramics possess unique microstructures with crystalline and non-crystalline phases.
  • Properties are determined by microstructure, crystal morphology, and residual glass composition.
  • Understanding crystallization allows for property prediction and tailored material design.

Conclusions:

  • Knowledge of glass crystallization mechanisms is key to developing high-performance glass-ceramics.
  • This review offers insights into designing glass-ceramics for specific applications.
  • Focus on silicate and oxide systems provides a foundation for broader applications.