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Spatial interferences in mental arithmetic: evidence from the motion-arithmetic compatibility effect.

Michael Wiemers1, Harold Bekkering, Oliver Lindemann

  • 1a Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen , Nijmegen , The Netherlands.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study reveals that mental arithmetic is influenced by spatial processing. Vertical spatial associations, particularly in number magnitude representations, show a stronger impact on calculations than horizontal ones.

Keywords:
Embodied cognitionMental arithmeticNumerical cognitionSpatial–numerical associations

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Spatial Cognition

Background:

  • Spatial number representations are debated, with theories suggesting non-horizontal organization and influence from vertical sensory experiences.
  • Existing evidence for vertical spatial associations in numerical cognition is controversial and requires further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the effects of vertical and horizontal spatial associations on mental arithmetic performance.
  • To investigate whether active movements or visual stimuli influence mental calculation differently.

Main Methods:

  • Experiment 1: Participants performed mental arithmetic (addition/subtraction) while moving their arm horizontally or vertically.
  • Experiment 2: Participants performed mental arithmetic while arithmetic problems moved visually on a screen horizontally or vertically.

Main Results:

  • A motion-arithmetic compatibility effect was observed in both horizontal and vertical spatial actions during active movements.
  • Additions were slower with downward movements, while subtractions were slower with leftward movements.
  • Only the vertical dimension's motion-arithmetic compatibility effect was replicated with visual stimuli.

Conclusions:

  • Findings provide initial evidence for the impact of spatial processing on mental arithmetic.
  • The stronger effect observed in the vertical dimension suggests mental calculations may rely on a vertically organized mental number space.