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Pure substances consist of only one type of matter. A pure substance can be an element or a compound. An element consists of only one type of atom, while a compound consists of two or more types of atoms held together by a chemical bond.
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The average temperature of Earth is the subject of much current discussion. Earth is in radiative contact with both the Sun and dark space; it receives almost all its energy from the radiation of the Sun and reflects some of it into outer space. Dark space is very cold, about 3 K, so Earth radiates energy into it. For instance, heat transfer occurs from soil and grasses, the rate of which can be so rapid that frost can occur on clear summer evenings, even in warm latitudes.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 2, 2026

An Available Technique for Preparation of New Cast MnCuNiFeZnAl Alloy with Superior Damping Capacity and High Service Temperature
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Casting materials and their application in research and teaching.

Kati Haenssgen1, Andrew N Makanya1, Valentin Djonov1

  • 11 Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 2, Ch-3000 Bern 9, Switzerland.

Microscopy and Microanalysis : the Official Journal of Microscopy Society of America, Microbeam Analysis Society, Microscopical Society of Canada
|February 26, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Casting techniques create detailed 3D replicas of anatomical spaces using various materials. These casts aid in biological research, teaching, and advanced imaging like micro computed tomography (µCT).

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Area of Science:

  • Anatomical and pathological space replication
  • Biological research and education

Background:

  • Casting involves filling anatomical spaces with materials to create 3D replicas.
  • Techniques like corrosion, radiopaque additives, and tissue clearing enhance cast visualization and analysis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of casting techniques in biology.
  • To discuss the applications and material choices for casting in research and teaching.

Main Methods:

  • Review of casting materials: aqueous, pliable, and hard substances.
  • Description of associated techniques: corrosion, radiopaque casting, and tissue clearing.
  • Integration of casting with tissue fixation for dissection and surgical simulation.

Main Results:

  • Casting is invaluable for discovering biological processes and understanding anatomy.
  • Material selection is critical and depends on intended use (e.g., dissection, microscopy, µCT).
  • Pliability and capillary passage are key properties for specific applications.

Conclusions:

  • Casting is a versatile technique with broad applications in biological sciences.
  • Appropriate material selection ensures successful outcomes for research and educational purposes.
  • Casting facilitates advanced investigations and anatomical understanding.