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Related Concept Videos

Type II Diabetes I: Introduction01:26

Type II Diabetes I: Introduction

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Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance, in which target tissues such as the liver, muscle, and adipose tissue respond poorly to insulin. It is also associated with inadequate compensatory insulin secretion, where pancreatic β-cells fail to produce sufficient insulin. Together, these abnormalities lead to persistent hyperglycemia.EtiologyT2DM develops through a complex interaction of genetic predisposition and environmental or...
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Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology01:24

Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

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PathophysiologyType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM ) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and progressive pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, leading to impaired glucose homeostasis. It results from interactions among genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and metabolic stressors, such as overnutrition and a sedentary lifestyle.Insulin Resistance and Glucose DysregulationEarly T2DM involves insulin resistance in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and the liver.
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Obesity01:24

Obesity

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The Body Mass Index (BMI) is a numerical value derived from a person's weight and height, used to categorize individuals into weight ranges. It is calculated using the formula: weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared. Obesity is a health condition characterized by excessive accumulation of adipose tissue that poses health risks, often diagnosed with a BMI ≥ 30. This excess fat storage occurs when surplus dietary calories are converted into triglycerides and stored in...
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Overview of Lipid Metabolism01:24

Overview of Lipid Metabolism

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Lipid metabolism is a crucial process in the human body that involves the synthesis and degradation of lipids. This process is essential for energy production, cell membrane formation, and hormone production, among other functions.
Lipolysis: The Breakdown of Lipids:
Lipolysis is the process of breaking down lipids, particularly triglycerides, into glycerol and fatty acids. This process typically occurs in the adipose tissue and is triggered by various hormones, including glucagon and...
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Overview of Carbohydrate Metabolism01:19

Overview of Carbohydrate Metabolism

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Carbohydrate metabolism is a fundamental biochemical process that ensures a constant supply of energy to living cells. The most important carbohydrate is glucose, which can be broken down via glycolysis to enter into the Krebs cycle and eventually lead to the production of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.
Glucose transport into cells is facilitated by a family of transport proteins called GLUT (Glucose Transporters). GLUT4 is the primary glucose transporter for insulin-stimulated glucose...
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Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State01:21

Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State

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Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State, or HHS, is a serious and life-threatening complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus. It is characterized by three main features: severe hyperglycemia, profound dehydration, and elevated serum osmolality, all occurring without significant ketoacidosis.HHS typically develops in older adults or individuals with limited access to fluids. This may result from illness, cognitive impairment, or medications such as diuretics or corticosteroids. These factors reduce...
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Updated: May 2, 2026

Phosphorus-31 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: A Tool for Measuring In Vivo Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation Capacity in Human Skeletal Muscle
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Metabolic syndrome.

Susan L Samson1, Alan J Garber2

  • 1Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, ABBR R615, Houston, TX 77030, USA.

Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America
|March 4, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Metabolic syndrome increases cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes risk. Core factors include obesity and insulin resistance, managed by lifestyle changes and medication.

Keywords:
Cardiovascular riskDiabetes riskDyslipidemiaHypertensionMetabolic syndromeNational Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel IIIObesity

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Cardiovascular Medicine
  • Metabolic Health

Background:

  • Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of conditions increasing risks for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes.
  • Obesity and insulin resistance are considered central to metabolic syndrome's development.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate pathophysiology and gene-environment interactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To define metabolic syndrome and its associated risks.
  • To highlight the core components and contributing factors.
  • To outline current treatment strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of current understanding.
  • Identification of key risk factors and pathophysiological mechanisms.
  • Summary of established treatment modalities.

Main Results:

  • Metabolic syndrome confers a 2-fold increased risk of cardiovascular disease.
  • It presents a 5-fold or greater risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus.
  • Obesity and insulin resistance are primary drivers.

Conclusions:

  • Metabolic syndrome is a critical risk indicator, not a distinct disease.
  • Lifestyle interventions (diet, exercise) and pharmacotherapy are key management strategies.
  • Understanding pathophysiology and genetic factors is crucial for future prevention and treatment.