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Updated: May 1, 2026

Tumor Hypoxia Assessment: In Vivo 3D Oxygen Imaging Through Electron Paramagnetic Resonance
Published on: February 14, 2025
How in vivo EPR measures and images oxygen
Boris Epel1,2, Gage Redler1,2, Howard J Halpern3,4,5
1Center for EPR Imaging In Vivo Physiology, Chicago, IL, USA.
Abstract:
The partial pressure of oxygen (pO₂) in tissues plays an important role in the pathophysiology of many diseases and influences outcome of cancer therapy, ischemic heart and cerebrovascular disease treatments and wound healing. Over the years a suite of EPR techniques for reliable oxygen measurements has been developed. This is a mini-review of pulse EPR in vivo oxygen imaging methods that utilize soluble spin probes. Recent developments in pulse EPR imaging technology have brought an order of magnitude increase in image acquisition speed, enhancement of sensitivity and considerable improvement in the precision and accuracy of oxygen measurements.
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