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Types of Selection01:46

Types of Selection

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Natural selection influences the frequencies of particular alleles and phenotypes within populations in several different ways. Primarily, natural selection can be directional, stabilizing, or disruptive. Directional selection favors one extreme trait and shifts the population towards that phenotype while selecting against individuals displaying alternate traits. Stabilizing selection favors an intermediate trait with a narrow range of variation. Deviation from the optimal phenotype towards an...
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Frequency-dependent Selection01:21

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When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.
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Genetic polymorphisms in drug targets have emerged as critical determinants of interindividual variability in drug response and toxicity. Pharmacogenomic investigations increasingly focus on identifying these variations to personalize and optimize therapeutic interventions. A drug target may be a receptor, enzyme, or signaling protein involved in pharmacologic responses or disease-related pathways. While early pharmacogenetic studies focused primarily on drug metabolism, current research...
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Although the genetic makeup of an organism plays a major role in determining the phenotype, there are also several environmental factors, such as temperature, oxygen availability, presence of mutagens, that can alter an organism’s phenotype.
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Behaviour-related DRD4 polymorphisms in invasive bird populations.

J C Mueller1, P Edelaar, M Carrete

  • 1Department of Behavioural Ecology & Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Seewiesen, Germany.

Molecular Ecology
|April 23, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Behavioral traits in invasive species like the Yellow-crowned bishop are genetically influenced. Two DRD4 gene variants significantly predict activity and novelty-seeking behavior, aiding invasion studies.

Keywords:
Euplectes aferYellow-crowned bishopdopamine receptor D4genotype-phenotype associationmultiple measurementspersonality

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Area of Science:

  • Behavioral ecology
  • Evolutionary genetics
  • Invasive species biology

Background:

  • Individual behavioral traits are crucial for successful species colonization of new habitats.
  • Understanding the genetic basis of behavioral variation in invasive species is key to assessing their evolutionary potential.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify the genetic underpinnings of neophilic/neophobic and activity behaviors in invasive Yellow-crowned bishop populations.
  • To investigate the role of the DRD4 gene in behavioral variation related to invasion success.

Main Methods:

  • Sequencing of the DRD4 gene exon 3 in 100 Yellow-crowned bishops from invasive populations in Spain and Portugal.
  • Assessing individual activity behavior twice in response to novel objects (battery, apple slice) under captive conditions.
  • Identifying single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the DRD4 gene and their association with behavioral phenotypes.

Main Results:

  • Individual responses to novel objects were repeatable (r = 0.41).
  • Two synonymous DRD4 SNPs explained 11-15% of the phenotypic variance in neophilic/neophobic/activity behavior.
  • A significant genetic component to this personality axis was identified in the invasive populations.

Conclusions:

  • The DRD4 gene plays a role in the neophilic/neophobic/activity personality axis of the Yellow-crowned bishop.
  • These genetic variants can serve as markers for personality traits and contribute to understanding invasion evolution.
  • Weak or antagonistic selection may maintain these alleles during different invasion stages.