[Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder].

Area of Science:

• Neuroscience
• Psychiatry
• Genetics

Context:

• Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent childhood psychiatric condition with lasting adult consequences.
• Diagnosis relies on clinical criteria, exhibiting significant patient variability and linked to fronto-striatal and meso-limbic circuit dysfunction.
• A complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors is implicated in ADHD neurobiology, though causal links are not yet established.

Purpose:

• To review the current understanding of ADHD's neurobiological underpinnings.
• To evaluate the evidence supporting multimodal treatment approaches for ADHD.
• To examine trends in ADHD pharmacological interventions.

Summary:

• ADHD diagnosis is based on clinical criteria, with varied presentations linked to specific brain circuit dysfunctions.
• While multimodal treatment is recommended, evidence for its combined efficacy is limited, with short-term benefits primarily from medication.
• Psychosocial intervention efficacy data is scarce and inconsistent, despite a notable increase in ADHD medication prescriptions.

Impact:

• Highlights the need for more robust evidence regarding ADHD treatment efficacy.
• Informs clinical practice and future research directions for ADHD management.
• Addresses the growing trend of ADHD medication use and its implications.