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Related Concept Videos

Equivalent Circuits for Practical Transformers01:28

Equivalent Circuits for Practical Transformers

1.4K
The practical equivalent circuits of single-phase two-winding transformers exhibit significant deviations from their idealized versions due to the inherent properties of winding resistance and finite core permeability. These properties result in real and reactive power losses, affecting the transformer's performance. Understanding these deviations is crucial for designing more efficient transformers.
In a practical transformer, each winding exhibits resistance and leakage reactance. The...
1.4K
Three-Winding Transformers01:19

Three-Winding Transformers

1.0K
Three identical single-phase transformers can be configured to form a three-phase transformer connection, which involves high-voltage and low-voltage windings. The high-voltage windings are denoted by capital letters A-B-C, while the low-voltage windings are labeled with lowercase letters a-b-c, representing their respective phases. This notation helps distinguish between the high and low voltage sides of the transformer.
In the per-unit equivalent circuit of a grounded Y-Y three-phase...
1.0K
Energy Losses in Transformers01:21

Energy Losses in Transformers

1.6K
In an ideal transformer, it is assumed that there are no energy losses, and, hence, all the power at the primary winding is transferred to the secondary winding. However, in reality,  the transformers always have some energy losses, and, hence, the output power obtained at the secondary winding is less than the input power at the primary winding due to energy losses.
There are four main reasons for energy losses in transformers.
The first cause can be  the high resistance of the...
1.6K
Transformers01:26

Transformers

2.1K
A device that transforms voltages from one value to another using induction is called a transformer. A transformer consists of two separate coils, or windings, wrapped around the same soft iron core. However, they are electrically insulated from each other.
The iron core has a substantial relative permeability. Therefore, the magnetic field lines generated due to the current in one winding are almost entirely confined within the core, such that the same magnetic flux permeates each turn of both...
2.1K
Types Of Transformers01:16

Types Of Transformers

1.6K
Transformers can provide desired voltages to a circuit by modifying the number of turns in the secondary windings.
If the ratio of the number of turns in the secondary winding to that of the primary winding is greater than one, then the transformer is said to be a step-up transformer. In a step-up transformer, the voltage at the secondary winding is greater than the voltage applied at the primary winding.
However, if this ratio is less than one, the transformer is said to be a step-down...
1.6K
Transformers with Off-Nominal Turns Ratios01:25

Transformers with Off-Nominal Turns Ratios

738
In scenarios involving parallel transformers with disparate ratings, developing per-unit models requires accommodating off-nominal turns ratios. This situation arises when the selected base voltages are not proportional to the transformer’s voltage ratings. Consider a transformer where the rated voltages are related by the term a. If the chosen voltage bases satisfy a relationship involving term b, term c is defined as the ratio of these bases. This ratio is then substituted into the...
738

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 27, 2026

Characterization of Full Set Material Constants and Their Temperature Dependence for Piezoelectric Materials Using Resonant Ultrasound Spectroscopy
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Disc piezoelectric ceramic transformers.

Jirií Erhart, Petr Půlpán, Roman Doleček

    IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control
    |July 9, 2014
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study explores piezoelectric ceramic transformers with various electrode designs. Optimized designs achieve high efficiency and transformation ratios, crucial for electronic applications.

    Area of Science:

    • Materials Science
    • Electrical Engineering
    • Acoustics

    Background:

    • Piezoelectric ceramic transformers are vital components in electronic devices.
    • Understanding their performance in planar-extensional vibration modes is essential for optimization.
    • Various electrode configurations influence transformer characteristics.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate disc-shaped piezoelectric ceramic transformers with different electrode patterns.
    • To analyze the impact of electrode segmentation on transformer performance.
    • To determine optimal operating conditions for maximum efficiency.

    Main Methods:

    • Fabrication of transformers with wedge, ring-dot, moonie, smile, and yin-yang electrode designs.
    • Measurement of transformation ratio, efficiency, and impedances under varying loads and frequencies.

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  • Analysis of vibration modes using digital holographic interferometry and finite element method.
  • Infrared thermography for surface temperature profiling.

    • Main Results:

    • Maximum efficiencies approaching 100% and transformation ratios up to 67 were achieved.
    • Optimal impedance for maximum efficiency ranges from 500 Ω to 10 kΩ.
    • Ring-dot and wedge electrode patterns demonstrated superior performance at fundamental and second resonances, respectively.
    • Vibration modes and thermal behavior were characterized.

    Conclusions:

    • Electrode design significantly impacts the efficiency and transformation ratio of piezoelectric ceramic transformers.
    • Optimized designs and operating conditions enable high-performance energy conversion.
    • The study provides valuable insights for the development of advanced piezoelectric devices.