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The drivers of tropical speciation.
Brian Tilston Smith1, John E McCormack2, Andrés M Cuervo3
11] Museum of Natural Science, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA [2] Department of Ornithology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York 10024, USA [3].
Nature
|September 12, 2014
Summary
Neotropical bird speciation is driven by dispersal abilities and persistence over time, not solely by landscape changes like the Andean uplift. Genetic data show varied patterns, highlighting organism traits in diversification.
Area of Science:
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology
- Biogeography
- Ornithology
Background:
- Allopatric speciation is often linked to landscape changes (vicariance) that isolate populations, such as continental drift or mountain formation.
- In the Neotropics, Andean uplift is considered a primary driver of bird speciation.
- An alternative model emphasizes dispersal abilities and organism traits over landscape change for initiating speciation.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate the primary drivers of allopatric speciation in Neotropical birds.
- To test the relative importance of landscape change versus dispersal in avian diversification.
- To reconcile spatial and temporal patterns of genetic differentiation with speciation models.
Main Methods:
- Analysis of spatial and temporal patterns of genetic differentiation in Neotropical bird lineages.
- Comparison of genetic data with models of speciation driven by vicariance versus dispersal.
- Correlation of speciation patterns with landscape history, particularly Andean uplift and Neogene geological events.
Main Results:
- Genetic differentiation patterns across Neotropical bird lineages are highly discordant.
- Speciation is not solely explained by landscape change models.
- The duration of lineage persistence and bird dispersal ability are the strongest predictors of speciation.
- Most avian species diversity originated post-Neogene Andean uplift.
Conclusions:
- Dispersal and differentiation on landscapes shaped by past geological events, rather than vicariance alone, are major drivers of Neotropical avian speciation.
- Organismal traits, specifically dispersal capacity, play a crucial role in diversification.
- The timing of speciation events aligns with periods of significant landscape alteration, but dispersal facilitated diversification on these altered landscapes.
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