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Cell Specific Gene Expression01:58

Cell Specific Gene Expression

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Multicellular organisms contain a variety of structurally and functionally distinct cell types, but the DNA in all the cells originated from the same parent cells. The differences in the cells can be attributed to the differential gene expression. Liver cells, whose functions include detoxification of blood, production of bile to metabolize fats, and synthesis of proteins essential for metabolism, must express a specific set of genes to perform their functions. Gene expression also varies with...
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What is Gene Expression?01:42

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Overview
Gene expression is the process in which DNA directs the synthesis of functional products, that is, proteins. Cells can regulate gene expression at various stages. It allows organisms to generate different cell types and enables cells to adapt to internal and external factors.
Genetic Information Flows from DNA to RNA to Protein
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What is Gene Expression?01:36

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A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised  of nucleotides and proteins are comprised of amino acids, a mediator is required to convert the information encoded in DNA into proteins. This mediator is the messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA copies the blueprint from DNA by a process called transcription. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus by complementary base-pairing with the DNA template. The mRNA is then...
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While every living organism has a genome of some kind (be it RNA, or DNA), there is considerable variation in the sizes of these blueprints. One major factor that impacts genome size is whether the organism is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. In prokaryotes, the genome contains little to no non-coding sequence, such that genes are tightly clustered in groups or operons sequentially along the chromosome. Conversely, the genes in eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of non-coding sequence.
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Stochasticity in gene expression in a cell-sized compartment.

Kazuya Nishimura1,2, Saburo Tsuru1, Hiroaki Suzuki3,4

  • 1†Department of Bioinformatic Engineering, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 1-5, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.

ACS Synthetic Biology
|October 4, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cellular gene expression noise is an intrinsic property, not solely due to cellular complexity. Artificial cells reveal that even simple systems exhibit significant gene expression fluctuations.

Keywords:
artificial cellfluctuationgene expression

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Area of Science:

  • Synthetic biology
  • Biophysics
  • Molecular biology

Background:

  • Gene expression in clonal cell populations exhibits significant fluctuations.
  • The origin of this gene expression noise is debated: is it due to cellular complexity or the cell's nature as a microreactor?

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the fundamental causes of gene expression noise.
  • To determine if noise is an intrinsic property of cellular systems or a byproduct of complexity.

Main Methods:

  • Construction of an artificial cell using an in vitro transcription-translation system within a cell-sized lipid vesicle.
  • Analysis of gene expression noise by decomposing variations in two fluorescent protein expressions into correlated and uncorrelated components.
  • Comparison of experimental data with a theoretical noise model.

Main Results:

  • The artificial cell system demonstrated significant gene expression noise.
  • A theoretical model, assuming partly active transcripts, accurately described the observed noise in the artificial system.
  • Bacterial (E. coli) cells showed comparable levels of expression noise to the artificial system.

Conclusions:

  • The observed gene expression noise in bacterial cells is largely an intrinsic property.
  • This intrinsic noise arises even in simplified, primitive cellular systems.
  • Cellular complexity is not the primary driver of gene expression fluctuation.